2eme partie 1462

N Benhaddou2, 1 y.

- Business -

4 min read.

2-Les conditions de la mise en œuvre de la saisie conservatoire des navires Des conditions sont liées à la créance, d’autres le sont vis-à-vis du navire 2-1-Les conditions liées à la nature de la créance : 2-1-1-La créance doit être maritime : La loi interne, en l’occurrence le DCCM (Dahir du code de commerce maritime de 1919) ne prévoit aucune disposition sur la créance objet de la saisie, ni sur sa nature. Ce mutisme de la part du législateur marocain peut être interprété comme donnant possibilité aux créanciers du navire, pour demander la saisie conservatoire du navire pour des créances non maritimes (civiles), ce qui risque de constituer une entrave pour les créanciers ayant une relation commerciale avec le navire En revanche, le projet du code de commerce maritime (version 2007) précise que la créance doit être de nature commerciale et donne une liste exhaustive des créances permettant l’exercice de la saisie conservatoire des navires, à l’instar de la convention internationale pour l’unification de certaines règles sur la saisie conservatoire des navires de mer conclue à Bruxelles le 10 mai 1952. Parmi ces créances, on retient la créance liée au transport de marchandises par navire en vertu d’une charte partie, d’un connaissement ou autre. 2-1-2-La certitude de la créance n’est pas requise : Le créancier n’a pas à démontrer le caractère certain et sérieux de sa créance. Il peut même demander la saisie conservatoire du navire, alors que la créance est prescrite. Aussi une créance simplement probable suffit. D’ailleurs, en vertu de l’article 127 du projet du DCCM (version 2007) les simples prétentions à un droit ou à une créance, constituent une créance maritime donnant droit à la demande d’une saisie conservatoire 2-2-Le navire : Ne peuvent faire l’objet d’une saisie conservatoire, que les bâtiments de mer ayant la caractéristique de navigabilité dans des eaux maritimes (article 1er du DCCM / Article 48 du projet du DCCM (version 2007). En conséquence, on ne peut pas appliquer la saisie conservatoire sur un navire exploité d’une manière régulière en hôtel ou en restaurant flottant dans un port, ni sur un bateau de rivière. L’exercice de mesures conservatoires sur ces biens est régi par le droit commun et non pas par les règles de droit maritime. Les pratiques maritimes permettent des configurations où le débiteur de la créance maritime n’est pas le propriétaire du navire : c’est le cas des navires affrétés, où le navire est en même temps la propriété d’une personne et se trouve entre les mains d’une autre pour raisons d’exploitation. La question qui s’impose, est de savoir si un créancier peut saisir un navire qui n’est pas la propriété du débiteur. C’est le cas d’un navire charbonnier appartenant à un armateur qui n’est pas obligé (débiteur) vis-à-vis du créancier. Mais, c’est l’exploitant du navire, à travers un contrat d’affrètement, qui est le débiteur de la créance maritime, sans toutefois disposer de la propriété du navire. Dans ce cas, la réponse est affirmative, que l’affrétement soit en coque nue, à temps ou bien au voyage. Il suffit que le créancier saisissant fasse valoir une créance maritime relative au navire en question, au sens des règles de droit régissant la matière. A noter que la saisie peut s’appliquer pour un autre navire appartenant à l’affréteur. On peut donc affirmer que la saisie conservatoire se réfère à la source de la créance, à savoir, le navire. Ainsi, il est autorisé la saisie du navire pour des dettes liées au fréteur propriétaire. C’est ce qui est prévu d’ailleurs par le DCCM (article110) et par la convention internationale sur la saisie conservatoire des navires de 1952 (article3-1). En vue de se prémunir des conséquences fâcheuses d’une éventuelle saisie conservatoire, la charte partie devra prévoir la prise en charge des dites conséquences par le fréteur débiteur. Conclusion : La saisie conservatoire des navires reste donc, une garantie réelle et efficace pour les créanciers dans le monde des affaires commerciales maritimes, liées souvent aux aléas ennuyeux et parfois à certaines pratiques malhonnêtes. Toutefois, la pratique de la saisie conservatoire des navires, peut avoir dans certains cas des conséquences économiques fâcheuses. Ses effets peuvent entraver sérieusement l’activité de tout un port. Ils s’étendent aussi aux importateurs et aux exportateurs. Ils deviennent plus graves encore, lorsqu’ils touchent aux intérêts du saisissant lui-même. C’est le cas où la valeur du navire saisi se trouve inférieure, voire dérisoire par rapport au montant de la créance. Dans ce genre de situation, l’armateur propriétaire décide d’abandonner le navire dans le port, ce qui entrainera l’immobilisation de l’installation portuaire exploitée, par le demandeur de la saisie. Cette problématique (les conséquences négatives de la saisie conservatoire des navires) suscite un intérêt majeur. Son analyse fera prochainement, l’objet d’un autre article.

N Benhaddou2

THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER - PREFACE 2033

Bluwr X Commons: Mark Twain, 2 y.

- Short Stories -

1 min read.

Most of the adventures recorded in this book really occurred; one or two were experiences of my own, the rest those of boys who were schoolmates of mine. Huck Finn is drawn from life; Tom Sawyer also, but not from an individual—he is a combination of the characteristics of three boys whom I knew, and therefore belongs to the composite order of architecture. The odd superstitions touched upon were all prevalent among children and slaves in the West at the period of this story—that is to say, thirty or forty years ago. Although my book is intended mainly for the entertainment of boys and girls, I hope it will not be shunned by men and women on that account, for part of my plan has been to try to pleasantly remind adults of what they once were themselves, and of how they felt and thought and talked, and what queer enterprises they sometimes engaged in. THE AUTHOR. HARTFORD, 1876.

THE MEDITATIONS - Book I.[1/3] 2071

Bluwr X Commons: Marcus Aurelius, 2 y.

4 min read.

1. I learned from my grandfather, Verus, to use good manners, and to put restraint on anger. 2. In the famous memory of my father I had a pattern of modesty and manliness. 3. Of my mother I learned to be pious and generous; to keep myself not only from evil deeds, but even from evil thoughts; and to live with a simplicity which is far from customary among the rich. 4. I owe it to my great-grandfather that I did not attend public lectures and discussions, but had good and able teachers at home; and I owe him also the knowledge that for things of this nature a man should count no expense too great. 5. My tutor taught me not to favour either green or blue at the chariot races, nor, in the contests of gladiators, to be a supporter either of light or heavy armed. He taught me also to endure labour; not to need many things; to serve myself without troubling others; not to intermeddle in the affairs of others, and not easily to listen to slanders against them. 6. Of Diognetus I had the lesson not to busy myself about vain things; not to credit the great professions of such as pretend to work wonders, or of sorcerers about their charms, and their expelling of Demons and the like; not to keep quails (for fighting or divination), nor to run after such things; to suffer freedom of speech in others, and to apply myself heartily to philosophy. Him also I must thank for my hearing first Bacchius, then Tandasis and Marcianus; that I wrote dialogues in my youth, and took a liking to the philosopher’s pallet and skins, and to the other things which, by the Grecian discipline, belong to that profession. 7. To Rusticus I owe my first apprehensions that my nature needed reform and cure; and that I did not fall into the ambition of the common Sophists, either by composing speculative writings or by declaiming harangues of exhortation in public; further, that I never strove to be admired by ostentation of great patience in an ascetic life, or by display of activity and application; that I gave over the study of rhetoric, poetry, and the graces of language; and that I did not pace my house in my senatorial robes, or practise any similar affectation. I observed also the simplicity of style in his letters, particularly in that which he wrote to my mother from Sinuessa. I learned from him to be easily appeased, and to be readily reconciled with those who had displeased me or given cause of offence, so soon as they inclined to make their peace; to read with care; not to rest satisfied with a slight and superficial knowledge; nor quickly to assent to great talkers. I have him to thank that I met with the discourses of Epictetus, which he furnished me from his own library. 8. From Apollonius I learned true liberty, and tenacity of purpose; to regard nothing else, even in the smallest degree, but reason always; and always to remain unaltered in the agonies of pain, in the losses of children, or in long diseases. He afforded me a living example of how the same man can, upon occasion, be most yielding and most inflexible. He was patient in exposition; and, as might well be seen, esteemed his fine skill and ability in teaching others the principles of philosophy as the least of his endowments. It was from him that I learned how to receive from friends what are thought favours without seeming humbled by the giver or insensible to the gift. 9. Sextus was my pattern of a benign temper, and his family the model of a household governed by true paternal affection, and a steadfast purpose of living according to nature. Here I could learn to be grave without affectation, to observe sagaciously the several dispositions and inclinations of my friends, to tolerate the ignorant and those who follow current opinions without examination. His conversation showed how a man may accommodate himself to all men and to all companies; for though companionship with him was sweeter and more pleasing than any sort of flattery, yet he was at the same time highly respected and reverenced. No man was ever more happy than he in comprehending, finding out, and arranging in exact order the great maxims necessary for the conduct of life. His example taught me to suppress even the least appearance of anger or any other passion; but still, with all this perfect tranquillity, to possess the tenderest and most affectionate heart; to be apt to approve others yet without noise; to have much learning and little ostentation. 10. I learned from Alexander the Grammarian to avoid censuring others, to refrain from flouting them for a barbarism, solecism, or any false pronunciation. Rather was I dexterously to pronounce the words rightly in my answer, confining approval or objection to the matter itself, and avoiding discussion of the expression, or to use some other form of courteous suggestion. 11. Fronto made me sensible how much of envy, deceit and hypocrisy surrounds princes; and that generally those whom we account nobly born have somehow less natural affection. 12. I learned from Alexander the Platonist not often nor without great necessity to say, or write to any man in a letter, that I am not at leisure; nor thus, under pretext of urgent affairs, to make a practice of excusing myself from the duties which, according to our various ties, we owe to those with whom we live. 13. Of Catulus I learned not to condemn any friend’s expostulation even though it were unjust, but to try to recall him to his former disposition; to stint no praise in speaking of my masters, as is recounted of Domitius and Athenodorus; and to love my children with true affection. 14. Of Severus, my brother, I learned to love my kinsmen, to love truth, to love justice. Through him I came to know Thrasea, Helvidius, Cato, Dion, and Brutus. He gave me my first conception of a Commonwealth founded upon equitable laws and administered with equality of right; and of a Monarchy whose chief concern is the freedom of its subjects. Of him I learned likewise a constant and harmonious devotion to Philosophy; to be ready to do good, to be generous with all my heart. He taught me to be of good hope and trustful of the affection of my friends. I observed in him candour in declaring what he condemned in the conduct of others; and so frank and open was his behaviour, that his friends might easily see without the trouble of conjecture what he liked or disliked.