Think Forward.

Être un peu enveloppé ne nuit pas forcément à la santé ! 2383

Dr Moussayer khadija, 2 y.

- Science - Society - Health -

2.9 min read.

La graisse a parfois du bon en ayant une activité de protection contre des maladies sans que son rôle n’ait été défini encore complètement. Des études ont démontré que les cellules graisseuses sous la peau (les adipocytes) aident à nous défendre des infections par la production de substances anti-microbiennes en présence de virus ou bactérie. Un rôle trop souvent sous-estimé ! LA MOBILISATION DU SYSTEME IMMUNITAIRE CONTRE LES INFECTIONS La défense de l’organisme contre les infections est un processus complexe, impliquant une grande variété de cellules. Ainsi, lorsque la barrière de la peau est lésée, la responsabilité de cette protection en revient en particulier aux cellules sanguines (comme les neutrophiles ou les monocytes). Mais avant que ces cellules immunitaires arrivent jusqu’au site d’infection, l’organisme a besoin d’une réponse encore plus immédiate pour contrecarrer la multiplication de pathogènes (bactéries, virus…) qui nous attaquent. LES CELLULES GRAISSEUSES A LA RESCOUSSE ! Des chercheurs de l’Université de Californie en particulier se sont intéressés, il y a déjà quelques années, plus précisément au staphylocoque doré, une bactérie commune, cause majeure d’infection de la peau et des tissus mous, dont l’émergence de formes résistantes aux antibiotiques est un problème de santé publique à travers le monde. Ce staphylocoque doré est responsable d'intoxications alimentaires, d'infections localisées suppurées et, dans certains cas extrêmes, d'infections potentiellement mortelles. On avait observé antérieurement sa présence dans la couche des cellules graisseuses et on se demandait si cette couche pouvait avoir un rôle actif dans la protection contre l’infection Deux groupes de souris ont alors été exposés au staphylocoque doré : des rongeurs ne fabricant pas de cellules graisseuses et des spécimens dont les cellules adipeuses n’expriment pas suffisamment de substances antimicrobiennes. Dans les deux cas, les animaux ont souffert d’infections plus fréquentes et plus sévères que des souris normales, ce qui témoigne du rôle de protection immunitaire de ces cellules. A travers ces expériences chez la souris et l’être humain, on a mis en évidence le rôle clé des cellules graisseuses, les adipocytes, dans la production de matières antimicrobiennes spécifiques, à savoir de peptides antimicrobiens et plus particulièrement de la cathélicidine. Rappelons que l’ensemble de ces peptides antimicrobiennes (lysosyme, psoriasine, Béta-Défensine et Cathélicicidine) est émis également par les cellules de la peau (Kératinocytes). UNE MEILLEURE COMPREHENSION DE L’OBESITE ET DES INFLAMMATIONS Par ailleurs, d’autres études chez l’homme ont montré un autre phénomène : les niveaux de cathélicidine dans le sang sont plus élevés chez les sujets obèses. La production défectueuse de ces substances antimicrobiennes par les adipocytes peut survenir à cause de l’obésité et trop de cathélicidine peut alors provoquer chez les obèses une réponse inflammatoire excessive et inadaptée C’est donc une EPEE A DOUBLE TRANCHANT : un peu de cathélicidine nous protège, trop, et de mauvaise qualité, nous nuit quand elle est provoquée par une inflammation. Les résultats de ces études sur le tissu graisseux nous aident en tout cas à mieux comprendre l’obésité et aussi les processus inflammatoires dans les maladies auto-immunes, notamment celles touchant la peau comme le lupus, le psoriasis ou même encore dans la rosacée. Cette dernière, la rosacée, mieux connue sous le nom de couperose, est une affection cutanée incurable, et au départ bénigne, qui provoque principalement une rougeur surtout sur le visage. Elle peut provenir notamment d’un dérèglement du système immunitaire concernant la peau. EN GUISE DE CONCLUSION ! mesdames, n'écoutez pas toujours les conseils des GOUROUS "experts en nutrition" qui vous exhortent, partout sur internet, à perdre vos quelques kilos en trop, en se gardant bien de vous indiquer que ce n'est pas forcément un gage de meilleure santé ou de longévité accrue ! FAT ISN'T ALL BAD ! Historically viewed as inert sites for energy storage, adipose tissues are now appreciated as important regulators of many aspects of whole-body physiology, including immune responses. To investigate the role of adipocytes, a study used a model of infection in which mice received a subcutaneous injection of Staphylococcus aureus. Researchers noted that a rapid expansion of the adipocyte population occurred following inoculation. Further experiments showed the protective quality of the expanding adipocytes was due to their production of the antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin. This work strongly suggests that the increase in adipocytes that occurs in response to infection has a role in limiting the spread of infection. In several different mouse models with impaired adipogenesis, the immune response was decreased and a more severe infection occurred. Dr Moussayer Khadija, Spécialiste en médecine interne et en gériatrie en libéral, Présidente de l’association marocaine des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques (AMMAIS), vice-présidente du Groupe d'Etude de l'Auto-Immunité Marocain (GEAIM) POUR EN SAVOIR PLUS : Ling-juan Zhang, Christian F. Guerrero-Juarez, Tissa Hata, Sagar P. Bapat, Raul Ramos, Maksim V. Plikus, Richard L. Gallo - Dermal adipocytes protect against invasive Staphylococcus aureus skin infection - Science 2 January 2015 : Vol. 347 no.6217 pp. 67-71 - DOI : 10.1126/science.1260 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/347/6217/67 Johanna Barthelemy, Gemma Bogard and Isabelle Wolowczuk, Beyond energy balance regulation: The underestimated role of adipose tissues in host defense against pathogens, Front. Immunol., 02 March 2023, Sec. Microbial Immunology, Volume 14 - 2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1083191 Gallo RL, Granstein RD, Kang S, Mannis M, Steinhoff M, Tan J, Thiboutot D., Rosacea comorbidities and future research: The 2017 update by the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(1):167-170. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.06.150

Dr Moussayer khadija

Dr MOUSSAYER KHADIJA الدكتورة خديجة موسيار Spécialiste en médecine interne et en Gériatrie en libéral à Casablanca. Présidente de l’Alliance Maladies Rares Maroc (AMRM) et de l’association marocaine des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques (AMMAIS), Vice-présidente du Groupe de l’Auto-Immunité Marocain (GEAIM)

5100

THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER - PREFACE 3776

Bluwr X Commons: Mark Twain, 2 y.

- Short Stories -

0.6 min read.

Most of the adventures recorded in this book really occurred; one or two were experiences of my own, the rest those of boys who were schoolmates of mine. Huck Finn is drawn from life; Tom Sawyer also, but not from an individual—he is a combination of the characteristics of three boys whom I knew, and therefore belongs to the composite order of architecture. The odd superstitions touched upon were all prevalent among children and slaves in the West at the period of this story—that is to say, thirty or forty years ago. Although my book is intended mainly for the entertainment of boys and girls, I hope it will not be shunned by men and women on that account, for part of my plan has been to try to pleasantly remind adults of what they once were themselves, and of how they felt and thought and talked, and what queer enterprises they sometimes engaged in. THE AUTHOR. HARTFORD, 1876.

THE MEDITATIONS - Book I.[1/3] 3896

Bluwr X Commons: Marcus Aurelius, 2 y.

3.7 min read.

1. I learned from my grandfather, Verus, to use good manners, and to put restraint on anger. 2. In the famous memory of my father I had a pattern of modesty and manliness. 3. Of my mother I learned to be pious and generous; to keep myself not only from evil deeds, but even from evil thoughts; and to live with a simplicity which is far from customary among the rich. 4. I owe it to my great-grandfather that I did not attend public lectures and discussions, but had good and able teachers at home; and I owe him also the knowledge that for things of this nature a man should count no expense too great. 5. My tutor taught me not to favour either green or blue at the chariot races, nor, in the contests of gladiators, to be a supporter either of light or heavy armed. He taught me also to endure labour; not to need many things; to serve myself without troubling others; not to intermeddle in the affairs of others, and not easily to listen to slanders against them. 6. Of Diognetus I had the lesson not to busy myself about vain things; not to credit the great professions of such as pretend to work wonders, or of sorcerers about their charms, and their expelling of Demons and the like; not to keep quails (for fighting or divination), nor to run after such things; to suffer freedom of speech in others, and to apply myself heartily to philosophy. Him also I must thank for my hearing first Bacchius, then Tandasis and Marcianus; that I wrote dialogues in my youth, and took a liking to the philosopher’s pallet and skins, and to the other things which, by the Grecian discipline, belong to that profession. 7. To Rusticus I owe my first apprehensions that my nature needed reform and cure; and that I did not fall into the ambition of the common Sophists, either by composing speculative writings or by declaiming harangues of exhortation in public; further, that I never strove to be admired by ostentation of great patience in an ascetic life, or by display of activity and application; that I gave over the study of rhetoric, poetry, and the graces of language; and that I did not pace my house in my senatorial robes, or practise any similar affectation. I observed also the simplicity of style in his letters, particularly in that which he wrote to my mother from Sinuessa. I learned from him to be easily appeased, and to be readily reconciled with those who had displeased me or given cause of offence, so soon as they inclined to make their peace; to read with care; not to rest satisfied with a slight and superficial knowledge; nor quickly to assent to great talkers. I have him to thank that I met with the discourses of Epictetus, which he furnished me from his own library. 8. From Apollonius I learned true liberty, and tenacity of purpose; to regard nothing else, even in the smallest degree, but reason always; and always to remain unaltered in the agonies of pain, in the losses of children, or in long diseases. He afforded me a living example of how the same man can, upon occasion, be most yielding and most inflexible. He was patient in exposition; and, as might well be seen, esteemed his fine skill and ability in teaching others the principles of philosophy as the least of his endowments. It was from him that I learned how to receive from friends what are thought favours without seeming humbled by the giver or insensible to the gift. 9. Sextus was my pattern of a benign temper, and his family the model of a household governed by true paternal affection, and a steadfast purpose of living according to nature. Here I could learn to be grave without affectation, to observe sagaciously the several dispositions and inclinations of my friends, to tolerate the ignorant and those who follow current opinions without examination. His conversation showed how a man may accommodate himself to all men and to all companies; for though companionship with him was sweeter and more pleasing than any sort of flattery, yet he was at the same time highly respected and reverenced. No man was ever more happy than he in comprehending, finding out, and arranging in exact order the great maxims necessary for the conduct of life. His example taught me to suppress even the least appearance of anger or any other passion; but still, with all this perfect tranquillity, to possess the tenderest and most affectionate heart; to be apt to approve others yet without noise; to have much learning and little ostentation. 10. I learned from Alexander the Grammarian to avoid censuring others, to refrain from flouting them for a barbarism, solecism, or any false pronunciation. Rather was I dexterously to pronounce the words rightly in my answer, confining approval or objection to the matter itself, and avoiding discussion of the expression, or to use some other form of courteous suggestion. 11. Fronto made me sensible how much of envy, deceit and hypocrisy surrounds princes; and that generally those whom we account nobly born have somehow less natural affection. 12. I learned from Alexander the Platonist not often nor without great necessity to say, or write to any man in a letter, that I am not at leisure; nor thus, under pretext of urgent affairs, to make a practice of excusing myself from the duties which, according to our various ties, we owe to those with whom we live. 13. Of Catulus I learned not to condemn any friend’s expostulation even though it were unjust, but to try to recall him to his former disposition; to stint no praise in speaking of my masters, as is recounted of Domitius and Athenodorus; and to love my children with true affection. 14. Of Severus, my brother, I learned to love my kinsmen, to love truth, to love justice. Through him I came to know Thrasea, Helvidius, Cato, Dion, and Brutus. He gave me my first conception of a Commonwealth founded upon equitable laws and administered with equality of right; and of a Monarchy whose chief concern is the freedom of its subjects. Of him I learned likewise a constant and harmonious devotion to Philosophy; to be ready to do good, to be generous with all my heart. He taught me to be of good hope and trustful of the affection of my friends. I observed in him candour in declaring what he condemned in the conduct of others; and so frank and open was his behaviour, that his friends might easily see without the trouble of conjecture what he liked or disliked.