Think Forward.

Magick

by Tupan
142669
Chapters: 20 34.6 min read

13: The Arbatel 10124

The "Arbatel of Magic", a 16th-century grimoire, is a unique and influential text within Western esoteric tradition. Unlike many grimoires of its time, which focus heavily on demonology or the coercion of spirits, the Arbatel emphasizes a more harmonious and spiritual approach to magick. Central to its teachings are the Olympic spirits, celestial intelligences associated with planetary spheres. These spirits serve as intermediaries between humanity and the divine, guiding practitioners toward wisdom, balance, and the manifestation of their intentions. The Arbatel is structured as a collection of aphorisms and practical instructions, promoting a form of magick rooted in piety, virtue, and alignment with divine will. It encourages the practitioner to cultivate purity, self-discipline, and humility, aiming to align their will with the divine order of the cosmos. The text highlights the importance of seeking wisdom and the betterment of oneself and others, rather than pursuing materialistic or selfish goals. This approach distinguishes it from many contemporaneous grimoires, which often focus on summoning and commanding spirits for personal gain. The Olympic spirits, described in the Arbatel, are powerful intelligences governing the planetary spheres: Aratron (Saturn), Bethor (Jupiter), Phaleg (Mars), Och (Sun), Hagith (Venus), Ophiel (Mercury), and Phul (Moon). Each spirit embodies the qualities and energies of its associated planet and has specific functions and attributes. For example, Bethor, linked to Jupiter, is associated with abundance, growth, and authority, while Och, of the Sun, governs health, success, and illumination. These spirits are not malevolent or coercive; rather, they are seen as willing collaborators with those who approach them with reverence and sincerity. The Arbatel provides methods for invoking these spirits, emphasizing the need for moral and spiritual purity. Rituals involve prayers, meditations, and the use of planetary correspondences to attune oneself to the spirit’s energy. The practitioner must align their intent with the qualities of the planet and the spirit, seeking harmony rather than domination. The Olympic spirits, in turn, assist in achieving wisdom, understanding, and the fulfillment of divine purposes. This grimoire also integrates concepts from Christian mysticism, Hermeticism, and Neoplatonism, presenting magick as a sacred art deeply intertwined with spiritual growth and divine will. It encourages practitioners to see the universe as a reflection of divine order, with the Olympic spirits serving as stewards of this cosmic harmony. Rather than focusing on control or manipulation, the Arbatel fosters a relationship of respect and collaboration with these intelligences. The Arbatel and its teachings on the Olympic spirits have influenced several magickal traditions that came later, including Renaissance magick and modern esotericism. Its emphasis on virtue, balance, and spiritual alignment continues to resonate with those who view magick as a path to divine wisdom and self-transcendence. The Olympic spirits, as archetypal forces of the planets, offer practitioners a framework for working with celestial energies in a way that promotes harmony, insight, and spiritual evolution.

14: The Goetia 10079

The Goetia, the first book of the Lemegeton, also known as The Lesser Key of Solomon, is a grimoire of ceremonial magic that catalogs seventy-two spirits or daemons and provides instructions for evoking and commanding them. This text, attributed to King Solomon, details how he supposedly bound these entities to aid in the construction of the Temple of Jerusalem. The Goetia emphasizes summoning these spirits for specific tasks, ranging from acquiring knowledge and treasure to influencing people or uncovering secrets. Each spirit possesses unique attributes, titles, and roles, often organized into a hierarchy of kings, dukes, and princes, among other ranks. They are associated with specific planetary influences, making their invocation part of an elaborate astrological and magical system. The spirits described in the Goetia are not inherently good or evil; their nature depends on how they are approached and the intent of the practitioner. They embody archetypal energies or forces that can be harnessed constructively or destructively. The summoner must possess discipline, knowledge, and moral clarity to work with these entities safely. Rituals often involve protective measures, such as casting a magical circle, invoking divine names, and using the pentagram or hexagram for spiritual shielding. Descriptions of the spirits are vivid and symbolic. Their visualizations often reflect the functions attributed to them, aligning with psychological archetypes or natural forces. The Goetia also employs sigils—unique symbols representing each spirit—as focal points for invocation. These sigils are drawn on parchment or engraved on magical tools to establish a connection with the entity during rituals. The process of working with Goetic spirits requires mastery of the text's rituals and invocations, often incorporating prayers, incense, candles, and precise timing based on planetary hours. The practitioner must call upon higher divine forces to maintain authority over the summoned spirit, reinforcing the hierarchical structure in which these spirits operate under divine law. Failure to adhere to these protocols can result in spiritual and psychological dangers, as the energies invoked are potent and do not conform to human morality. Modern interpretations of the Goetia often view its spirits as symbolic representations of inner psychological forces rather than external entities. From this perspective, summoning these spirits becomes an act of engaging with and integrating aspects of the self, such as hidden desires, fears, or untapped potential. This psycho-spiritual approach highlights the transformative potential of working with the Goetia when performed responsibly and with clear intent. The Goetia remains one of the most famous and influential texts in Western occult tradition, inspiring countless practitioners and interpretations. Its blend of ceremonial magic, psychology, and mythology offers a powerful framework for exploring both the spiritual and inner realms. Whether viewed as literal spirits or symbolic energies, the Goetic entities represent the duality of power and the necessity of wielding it with wisdom and respect.

15: The Kybalion 9709

The Kybalion is a work on Hermetic philosophy, attributed to the "Three Initiates" and published in 1908. It claims to have the essential teachings of Hermes Trismegistus, a mythic figure associated with ancient wisdom and esoteric traditions. The book outlines fundamental principles that serve as the foundation of Hermetic thought, offering a framework for understanding the universe and the laws that govern reality. Hermeticism traces its roots to ancient Egypt and Greece, blending mystical, philosophical, and scientific traditions. Hermes Trismegistus, often associated with the Egyptian god Thoth and the Greek god Hermes, is credited with transmitting esoteric knowledge to humanity. Though The Kybalion was published in the early 20th century, it is based on these ancient teachings, synthesizing them into a concise guide to universal laws. At the core of The Kybalion are the Seven Hermetic Principles, which serve as keys to understanding both the material and spiritual aspects of existence. The Principle of Mentalism states that "The All is Mind; the Universe is Mental." This principle suggests that reality originates from a universal consciousness, emphasizing the power of thought and perception in shaping one’s experience. The Principle of Correspondence states that "As above, so below; as below, so above." This doctrine asserts that patterns repeat across different planes of reality, linking the microcosm and macrocosm in a harmonious order. The Principle of Vibration states that "Nothing rests; everything moves; everything vibrates." This idea posits that all things, from matter to thought, exist at varying frequencies of vibration, influencing their form and function. The Principle of Polarity states that "Everything is dual; everything has poles." This principle highlights the dual nature of existence, where opposites are actually extremes of the same fundamental reality, allowing for transformation and balance. The Principle of Rhythm states that "Everything flows, out and in; everything has its tides." It describes the cyclical nature of reality, from the rise and fall of civilizations to the emotional highs and lows of human experience. The Principle of Cause and Effect states that "Every cause has its effect; every effect has its cause." This law asserts that nothing happens by chance, reinforcing the interconnectedness and structure of the cosmos. The Principle of Gender states that "Gender is in everything; everything has its masculine and feminine principles." This principle extends beyond biological sex to the presence of creative and receptive forces within all aspects of nature and consciousness. Since its publication, The Kybalion has significantly influenced various spiritual and philosophical movements. It has shaped several teachings of esoteric traditions, and even aspects of modern self-help and personal development literature. Its emphasis on mentalism and the power of thought resonates with contemporary ideas like the Law of Attraction and quantum consciousness theories. Despite its impact, The Kybalion has also faced criticism. Some argue that it simplifies or misrepresents traditional Hermeticism, drawing more from 19th-century occultism than authentic ancient texts. Others question its practical application, seeing it as abstract metaphysical speculation rather than a guide to tangible spiritual development. Regardless of its origins or controversies, The Kybalion remains a thought-provoking and influential work in the realm of esoteric philosophy. Its principles provide a framework for understanding the nature of reality, encouraging seekers to explore the deeper workings of the universe and their own consciousness. Whether approached as a mystical guide or a philosophical treatise, The Kybalion continues to inspire those drawn to the study of hidden knowledge and universal truths.

16: Enochian Magick 8610

Enochian magick is a ceremonial magical system developed by Dr John Dee, a renowned Elizabethan scholar and astrologer, and Edward Kelley, his scryer, in the late 16th century. This system is based on communications they claimed to receive from angels, showing a complex cosmology, language, and set of rituals for engaging with these celestial beings. At its core, Enochian magick tries to be a shortcut to the gap between humanity and higher spiritual realms, offering practitioners access to deep spiritual insights and divine energies. The foundation of Enochian magick lies in the angelic language, known as Enochian, which was revealed to Dee and Kelley during their scrying sessions. This language includes a unique alphabet, vocabulary, and syntax, believed to be the language spoken by angels and by the prophet Enoch. The Enochian Keys or Calls, a series of invocations in this strange language, are used to summon angelic beings and open the gates to higher realms known as the Aethyrs. These Aethyrs are described as thirty spiritual planes, each progressively closer to the divine source, with angels guarding and governing their mysteries. The experience of going through the Aethyrs is seen as a journey of spiritual ascent and self-transformation. Central to the system are the Enochian tables or Watchtowers, which are complex grids of letters representing the elemental forces of Air, Fire, Water, and Earth. These Watchtowers are divided into quadrants, each associated with specific angels and energies. Practitioners use these tables to invoke the angelic rulers of the elements, looking for their guidance, protection, and assistance in magickal workings. The Tablet of Union, a smaller grid connecting the elements through Spirit, integrates these forces into a cohesive whole. Another critical tool is the Sigillum Dei Aemeth, a complex diagram with divine names, placed beneath a crystal ball or black mirror to facilitate angelic communication. Enochian magick emphasizes the practitioner’s purity of intent and spiritual alignment. Rituals are complex and demand precision, often involving sacred geometry, divine names, and invocations to create a sacred space and establish contact with angelic entities. The system also includes protective measures, ensuring the practitioner is shielded from any disruptive or overwhelming energies encountered during the work. The presence of higher divine forces, such as the sacred names of the Almighty or the supreme angelic hierarchy, is invoked to maintain balance and control throughout the process. Modern interpretations of Enochian magick vary widely. Some practitioners view the system as a pathway to direct communication with angelic beings and an exploration of divine mysteries. Others interpret it as a symbolic framework for inner spiritual growth, with the angels and Aethyrs representing aspects of the self or stages of consciousness. This perspective aligns Enochian magick with psychological and archetypal approaches to spirituality, emphasizing self-discovery and transformation. Enochian magick is regarded as one of the most intricated and powerful systems in Western occult tradition. Its unique combination of divine language, sacred symbols, and celestial hierarchies offers practitioners a profound tool for accessing higher spiritual realities. Whether approached as a mystical system for engaging with angels or as a symbolic journey of personal enlightenment, Enochian magick continues to inspire and challenge those who delve into its depths.

17: The Kabbalah 7341

Kabbalah is a mystical tradition within Judaism that seeks to understand the hidden dimensions of the divine, the universe, and the soul. While its formal development emerged in medieval Europe—especially in 12th-century Provence and 13th-century Spain—its roots stretch back to earlier biblical, rabbinic, and merkavah (chariot) mysticism traditions. It offers a symbolic and metaphysical framework for understanding reality and our role within it. At its core, Kabbalah teaches about Ein Sof (“the Infinite”), the boundless aspect of God that lies beyond all human comprehension. From this ineffable source emanates all of creation, unfolding through a dynamic process depicted in the Tree of Life (Etz Chaim), a symbolic diagram composed of ten interconnected spheres called sefirot. These sefirot represent divine attributes or channels through which the Infinite expresses itself, shaping both the spiritual and material realms. At the top is Keter, the crown, symbolizing divine will and pure potential. From Keter flows Chokhmah, the spark of wisdom and intuitive insight, which is then given form and structure by Binah, representing understanding and deep contemplation. Below them, Chesed embodies expansive love, generosity, and mercy, while Gevurah introduces strength, discipline, and the power of judgment. Between these opposing forces lies Tiphereth, the sphere of beauty, harmony, and compassion, which mediates and integrates mercy with severity. Continuing downward, Netzach expresses endurance, initiative, and the force of expansion, while Hod represents humility, introspection, and the power of communication and symbolism. These two channels converge into Yesod, the foundation, which synthesizes and transmits all previous energies into Malkuth, the kingdom—the material world, where divine intention is finally manifested. These ten sefirot are arranged along three vertical pillars—right, left, and center—symbolizing the principles of expansion, restraint, and balance. Together, they form a dynamic spiritual system that mirrors both the structure of the universe and the inner architecture of the human soul. One of the most influential Kabbalistic texts is the Zohar, a mystical commentary on the Torah, which uses allegory, symbolic interpretation, and esoteric language to uncover hidden spiritual meanings in the biblical text. Another foundational work is Sefer Yetzirah ("The Book of Creation"), which presents a cosmology based on the mystical properties of the Hebrew alphabet and the ten sefirot. It teaches that the world was created through 32 paths of wisdom—ten sefirot and 22 Hebrew letters—laying the groundwork for later Kabbalistic systems. A major development in Kabbalah came with Isaac Luria (1534–1572), known as Ha'ari, who introduced Lurianic Kabbalah. He offered new doctrines such as Tzimtzum (the divine contraction that made space for creation), Shevirat ha-Kelim (the breaking of the vessels), and Tikkun (restoration or repair). These concepts explain why evil exists and how humanity participates in the healing of cosmic fractures through spiritual acts. Kabbalistic practice involves more than intellectual study—it includes meditative techniques, letter permutations, sacred chanting, visualization, and deep contemplation on the divine names. Gematria, the system of interpreting Hebrew words through their numerical values, plays a central role in uncovering hidden connections between words and ideas. Another important concept is Sitra Achra, the "Other Side"—a realm of impurity and spiritual blockage that opposes holiness and reflects the duality within creation. Kabbalists explore how spiritual elevation occurs when divine sparks trapped in the material world are liberated through righteous actions, prayer, and intentional living. In more practical or applied Kabbalah, practitioners also work with Divine Names (such as the 72 Names of God), angels, and astrological correspondences, viewing them as symbolic tools to aid in spiritual elevation and unity with divine purpose. The four worlds (Atzilut, Beriah, Yetzirah, and Assiah) represent stages of emanation from the divine to the material realm, showing the hierarchical structure of existence. Although once restricted to mature Jewish scholars, Kabbalah has increasingly influenced broader spirituality, from Hasidic Judaism to Christian mysticism, Western esotericism, and even contemporary self-help movements. However, traditional Kabbalists emphasize that its study demands humility, ethical refinement, and a strong foundation in Torah and Jewish law. Ultimately, Kabbalah is not just a metaphysical system but a transformational path. It invites seekers to draw closer to the Divine, to bring balance to the soul, and to repair the world by restoring harmony between the spiritual and physical realms.

18: Hermeticism 7064

Hermeticism, also known as the Hermetic tradition, is a spiritual and philosophical system rooted in writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, a mythical figure who embodies a syncretism of the Egyptian god Thoth and the Greek god Hermes. Emerging during the early centuries of the Common Era—particularly in Hellenistic Egypt—Hermeticism offered a vision of the cosmos where divinity, nature, and the human soul were inextricably connected. Its teachings have profoundly shaped Western esotericism, influencing fields as diverse as alchemy, astrology, Christian mysticism, Renaissance magic, and modern occult revival movements. At its core, Hermeticism teaches that all things originate from the One, a supreme and ineffable source that manifests through successive emanations. This belief in a single, all-encompassing divine principle aligns Hermeticism with Neoplatonism and other monistic philosophies. The Hermetic universe is a living, intelligent whole—a macrocosm reflected in the human microcosm. This principle is famously summarized in the maxim from the Emerald Tablet: “As above, so below; as below, so above.” It suggests a profound correspondence between all levels of reality, from the divine to the material, and frames the Hermetic path as one of gnosis—spiritual knowledge attained through contemplation, revelation, and the alignment of the self with the divine order. The Corpus Hermeticum, a collection of Greek philosophical texts compiled between the 1st and 4th centuries CE, forms the foundation of Hermetic thought. These texts, particularly the Poimandres and the Asclepius, present dialogues between Hermes Trismegistus and divine or angelic beings who reveal metaphysical truths. Themes include the origin of the universe, the nature of the soul, the process of spiritual rebirth, and the goal of apotheosis—the return of the soul to the divine source. we can say that unlike the abstract metaphysics of contemporary philosophy, Hermeticism is devotional, combining intellectual insight with religious practice. Hermeticism also places strong emphasis on human potential. The human being is portrayed as a divine spark encased in flesh, capable of either sinking into the ignorance of material existence or awakening to its true nature as a child of the cosmos. This optimistic anthropology, where the human soul is not inherently sinful but potentially divine, distinguishes Hermeticism from more dualistic or pessimistic systems like Gnosticism. Nevertheless, it shares with Gnosticism a sense of estrangement from the material world and the conviction that salvation lies in inner enlightenment rather than external authority. Throughout history, Hermetic ideas have surfaced in powerful ways. During the Renaissance, rediscovery of the Corpus Hermeticum—initially believed to predate Moses—led thinkers like Marsilio Ficino and Giordano Bruno to integrate Hermetic philosophy into Christian theology, art, and science. Alchemists such as Paracelsus adopted Hermetic cosmology to frame their experimental practices as spiritual transformations. In modern times, Hermeticism remains central to many esoteric systems, including the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Thelema, and modern Hermetic Qabalah. In conclusion, Hermeticism is more than a historical current—it is a timeless worldview grounded in the unity of all existence and the transformative power of divine knowledge. Its enduring appeal lies in its synthesis of philosophy, mysticism, and science, offering seekers a path of inner alchemy that aspires not merely to understand the cosmos, but to become one with it.

19: Neoplatonism 7478

Neoplatonism is a philosophical and spiritual tradition that arose in the 3rd century CE, deeply rooted in the teachings of Plato but expanded into a comprehensive metaphysical system emphasizing the soul’s journey toward divine union. Far more than an academic commentary on Plato’s dialogues, Neoplatonism offered a mystical framework for understanding the cosmos, the nature of being, and the purpose of human existence. Its influence extended from the pagan late antiquity into Christian, Islamic, and Jewish thought, and it became a cornerstone of the Western esoteric tradition, profoundly shaping Hermeticism, Kabbalah, and Renaissance occult philosophy. The founder of Neoplatonism is traditionally identified as Plotinus (c. 204/5–270 CE), whose teachings were recorded and organized by his student Porphyry in the Enneads. Plotinus developed a tripartite cosmology that remains central to Neoplatonic thought: The One (or the Good): The highest principle, utterly transcendent, beyond being and intellect. It is the source of all existence, perfect, infinite, and indivisible. Nous (Divine Intellect): The first emanation from the One. It contains the realm of ideal Forms or archetypes—eternal truths that shape reality. Psyche (Soul): The World Soul and individual souls emanate from the Nous, descending into the realm of matter. This emanationist cosmology postulates that all reality flows outward from the One in a hierarchical cascade, and that all beings long to return to their source. Unlike creation ex nihilo, Neoplatonic emanation is not a one-time event but a continuous process of unfolding and return, guided by the principle of divine participation—all things contain within themselves a trace of the divine origin. The ultimate goal of the soul in Neoplatonism is henosis, or mystical union with the One. This ascent is achieved not through external rituals alone, but through philosophical contemplation, ethical purification, and inner transformation. As the soul turns away from the distractions of the material world and awakens to its true nature, it ascends through the levels of being, ultimately dissolving into divine simplicity. Plotinus’s successors, including Porphyry, Iamblichus, Proclus, and Damascius, expanded and refined the system. Iamblichus, for example, introduced a more theurgical and ritualistic approach, arguing that philosophical contemplation was insufficient on its own for divine ascent. Instead, he emphasized theurgy—a sacred science of divine operations involving prayers, invocations, and symbolic rites. These practices formed the foundation of later esoteric traditions, particularly the magical worldview of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and Renaissance Neoplatonic magicians like Marsilio Ficino and Giordano Bruno. Neoplatonism also had a profound influence on Christian mysticism, particularly through thinkers like Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, St. Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas, who adapted Neoplatonic cosmology to Christian theology. In the Islamic world, philosophers such as Al-Farabi, Avicenna (Ibn Sina), and Suhrawardi incorporated Neoplatonic ideas into their metaphysical and mystical systems, contributing to the development of Sufi cosmology. In Jewish thought, Neoplatonism informed early Kabbalistic doctrine, particularly in its conception of divine emanations (sefirot) and the soul’s return to God. In the Renaissance, Neoplatonism was revived as part of a broader cultural rediscovery of classical antiquity. Philosophers such as Ficino and Pico della Mirandola saw it as a key to unlocking the divine potential of the human being and harmonizing philosophy with mysticism. Ficino’s translation of Plotinus and his commentaries on Plato and Dionysius laid the groundwork for a magical humanism, in which the soul, through study and virtue, could ascend the cosmic ladder and participate in the divine intellect. In modern esotericism, Neoplatonic principles continue to underpin key doctrines, including correspondence, hierarchy, and spiritual ascent. The image of the cosmos as a living, divine order—structured, intelligible, and participatory—remains central to Hermeticism, Rosicrucianism, and contemporary metaphysical systems. The idea that the microcosm reflects the macrocosm—that the human soul mirrors the cosmos and can return to its source—echoes through the ages as a core Neoplatonic insight. In conclusion, Neoplatonism is not merely a philosophical system—it is a sacred path, blending metaphysics, mysticism, and ethical discipline into a vision of cosmic unity and human divinization. By tracing all things to the ineffable One and guiding the soul’s ascent through reason, beauty, and inner purification, Neoplatonism continues to offer a profound map of spiritual realization, bridging ancient wisdom and perennial truth.

20: Theurgy 13297

Theurgy (Greek: θεουργία, theourgía, “divine work”) is the sacred art of invoking and communing with the divine through ritual acts, moral purification, and contemplative discipline. Emerging from the spiritual philosophy of late Neoplatonism, especially as formulated by Iamblichus (c. 250–325 CE), theurgy is distinguished from other forms of magic by its noble ideal - the soul’s ascension and union (ἕνωσις, henosis) with the divine source. Unlike goetia, which seeks to manipulate material outcomes, theurgy is fundamentally initiatory and redemptive. It engages the practitioner in a disciplined ascent through the metaphysical hierarchy of existence, beginning in the sensory world and leading toward the transcendent unity of the One. This ascent is made possible through divine grace and ritual participation in the cosmic order. The theurgist operates within a universe conceived as a great chain of being (σειρά, seira), extending from the indescribable source through the divine intellect (νοῦς, nous), the soul (ψυχή, psyche), and the celestial intelligences, down to the elements of the material world. Through sacred rites, one may ascend these levels of reality by re-establishing communion between the soul and its divine archetype. At the heart of theurgical practice lies the invocation of spiritual intelligences—gods, archangels, planetary powers, and cosmic intermediaries—through symbolic actions, sacred statements, and hieratical rituals. These acts are not merely symbolic or theatrical, but sacramental: they are performed to align human activity with the divine will and to reflect the eternal order of the cosmos within the temporal world. Iamblichus stressed that such union with the gods could not be attained through philosophical reasoning alone. Rather, one must engage in ritual action using sacred symbols, divine names, and purificatory rites to render the soul receptive to the divine presence. The practice of theurgy was closely tied to philosophical ethics and interior purification. The theurgist was expected to live a disciplined life, cultivating virtue, moderation, and piety. This internal preparation was as crucial as the external rite, for the soul must be made capable of bearing divine illumination. Through repeated engagement with divine acts, the practitioner refines the spiritual vehicle and becomes gradually elevated to recognize the higher realities without distortion. Historically, theurgy developed as a synthesis of Platonic metaphysics, Chaldean oracles, Egyptian temple rituals, and mystery initiations. While rooted in the classical world, its influence extended into the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Figures such as Marsilio Ficino and Giordano Bruno drew heavily on theurgical principles in their Hermetic and Neoplatonic revivals. In modern esotericism, especially within orders such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, theurgical ideas persist under the structure of ritual magic, planetary invocations, and Qabalistic ascent. The ultimate goal of the theurgist is apotheosis—not in the sense of personal glorification, but in the restoration of the soul to its divine pattern, beyond all individuation. As Iamblichus declares in his treatise On the Mysteries: “Theurgy unites us to the gods, not through thought, but through divine acts.” In this sense, theurgy is not merely a practice, but a sacred path—a divine remembrance enacted through the body, soul, and spirit, leading the practitioner not toward mastery of the world, but toward reintegration with the divine fullness (πλήρωμα, pleroma) from which all emanates.