Le Maroc au défi de l'Eau 1692

Saad M, 1 y.

- Politics - Science - Business -

2.4 min read.

Retour sur le plus grand challenge de l'histoire de notre pays et qui déterminera l'ampleur de son développement et de son évolution. Le Maroc se trouve géographiquement par la force des choses dans une zone à stress hydrique extrêmement élevée. De ce fait la marge de manœuvre y est extrêmement réduite et chaque action de sauvegarde ou de dilapidation des ressources hydriques y a une ampleur fatidique. La première solution évidente à implémenter est le dessalement de l'eau de mer. Trois aspects y sont déterminant: ◆Disponibilité ◆Capacité ◆Coût Disponibilité Le Maroc possède un littoral long de 3500km dont il faut en profiter. Un objectif d'une usine de dessalement par 150km de côte semble à mon avis suffisant pour une première phase afin de rendre l'eau disponible sur l'ensemble du territoire. Ceci équivaut à 24 usines de dessalement reparti sur la longueur du littoral. Capacité La capacité de production devra être suffisante afin d'assurer le besoin en eau potable de toute la population se trouvant à moins de 40km des côtes. Ceci permettra de mieux sauvegarder les eaux en amont grâce aux barrages et aux nappes phréatique. Cette eau disponible en amont pourra vraiment être bénéfique à une population proche des montagnes qui est la moins riche du Maroc. Coût C'est le facteur le plus important et celui qui déterminera la réussite ou la banqueroute de cette entreprise de dessalement. La solution technologique la plus rentable est l'osmose inverse qui permet après plusieurs passages d'avoir une eau dilué avec une teneur faible en sel. Grâce aux récents développements dans le domaine, le coût de cette technologie est maintenant estimé entre 2 et 4 kW.H par m³ d'eau. Dans le but d'assurer un rendement final encore meilleur il est recommandé de développer 2 à 3 réacteurs nucléaires qui reste d'ailleurs la source d'énergie la plus sure et la plus génératrice d'énergie. Aujourd'hui on est capable de produire 1m³ d'eau potable à 7dhs. Il était de 50 dhs en 1977 quand on avait construit à l'époque l'usine de dessalement de Boujdour. Si on arrive à réduire ce coût à 3∼4 dhs le m³, on aura rendu ce process profitable et on pourra permettre l'utilisation de cette eau profitablement dans l'agriculture et l'industrie. Deuxième solution à implémenter est la mutualisation des ressources en eau entre les grand bassins hydraulique du Royaume: ◆ Loukkos ◆ Moulouya ◆ Sebou ◆ Bouregreg – Chaouia ◆ Oum Er-Rabia ◆ Tensift ◆ Guir–Ziz–Rheris ◆ Draa – Oued Noun ◆ Souss – Massa Cette mutualisation est possible grâce aux autoroutes de l'eau qui sont en réalité des pipes de transferts d'eau à l'aide d'unité de pompage. L'énergie nucléaire pourra produire en abondance l'électricité nécessaire à faible coût. On pourra même envisager à moyen/long terme d'avoir des pipes creusé sous la montagne afin de détourner une partie du flux d'eau en direction de l'ouest vers l'est qui en a grand besoin. Il faut aussi ne pas oublier de prévoir la possibilité de pomper l'eau dans les 2 sens. A l'instant T les 2 autoroutes soit réalisés ou entrain de réaliser ne permettent malheureusement de pomper l'eau que dans un seul sens. Troisième solution à implémenter est la généralisation des stations de traitement des eaux usées dans tout les espaces urbains au Maroc, ceci dans le but de l'arrosages des espaces verts et des golfs. On peut même envisager des nouvelles canalisations qui permettront de distribuer cette eau traité mais toujours non potable dans les ménages afin de l'utiliser dans les jardins et WC et pourquoi pas dans les piscines. Dans un pays à stress hydrique comme le Maroc chaque action d'optimisation de la gestion de l'eau est appréciable. Quatrième solution est de faire payer les agriculteurs et les industriels le prix réel de l'eau ou un prix qui s'en rapproche et qui soit juste. Ceci nous évitera les discours démagogique et populiste d'interdire la plantation de pastèques et d'avocats etc car tout plantation de produit agricole reposera sur une logique économique et évitera au contribuables des Milliards en subvention. Il faut aussi lutter activement et punir sévèrement les actes de fraude. On entend beaucoup de rumeurs sur certains agriculteurs qui pompent directement l'eau du barrage avec insouciance et sans payer. Cinquième solution est de règlementer, recenser et cartographier les différents forages de puits au Maroc. On peut même penser à certaines solutions IoT pour prélever et enregistrer en temps réel la consommation en eau des nappes phréatiques. Sixième et dernière solution est de réfléchir à des process de collectes des pluies pluviales en zones urbaines.

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THE MEDITATIONS - Book I.[1/3] 2338

Bluwr X Commons: Marcus Aurelius, 2 y.

3.7 min read.

1. I learned from my grandfather, Verus, to use good manners, and to put restraint on anger. 2. In the famous memory of my father I had a pattern of modesty and manliness. 3. Of my mother I learned to be pious and generous; to keep myself not only from evil deeds, but even from evil thoughts; and to live with a simplicity which is far from customary among the rich. 4. I owe it to my great-grandfather that I did not attend public lectures and discussions, but had good and able teachers at home; and I owe him also the knowledge that for things of this nature a man should count no expense too great. 5. My tutor taught me not to favour either green or blue at the chariot races, nor, in the contests of gladiators, to be a supporter either of light or heavy armed. He taught me also to endure labour; not to need many things; to serve myself without troubling others; not to intermeddle in the affairs of others, and not easily to listen to slanders against them. 6. Of Diognetus I had the lesson not to busy myself about vain things; not to credit the great professions of such as pretend to work wonders, or of sorcerers about their charms, and their expelling of Demons and the like; not to keep quails (for fighting or divination), nor to run after such things; to suffer freedom of speech in others, and to apply myself heartily to philosophy. Him also I must thank for my hearing first Bacchius, then Tandasis and Marcianus; that I wrote dialogues in my youth, and took a liking to the philosopher’s pallet and skins, and to the other things which, by the Grecian discipline, belong to that profession. 7. To Rusticus I owe my first apprehensions that my nature needed reform and cure; and that I did not fall into the ambition of the common Sophists, either by composing speculative writings or by declaiming harangues of exhortation in public; further, that I never strove to be admired by ostentation of great patience in an ascetic life, or by display of activity and application; that I gave over the study of rhetoric, poetry, and the graces of language; and that I did not pace my house in my senatorial robes, or practise any similar affectation. I observed also the simplicity of style in his letters, particularly in that which he wrote to my mother from Sinuessa. I learned from him to be easily appeased, and to be readily reconciled with those who had displeased me or given cause of offence, so soon as they inclined to make their peace; to read with care; not to rest satisfied with a slight and superficial knowledge; nor quickly to assent to great talkers. I have him to thank that I met with the discourses of Epictetus, which he furnished me from his own library. 8. From Apollonius I learned true liberty, and tenacity of purpose; to regard nothing else, even in the smallest degree, but reason always; and always to remain unaltered in the agonies of pain, in the losses of children, or in long diseases. He afforded me a living example of how the same man can, upon occasion, be most yielding and most inflexible. He was patient in exposition; and, as might well be seen, esteemed his fine skill and ability in teaching others the principles of philosophy as the least of his endowments. It was from him that I learned how to receive from friends what are thought favours without seeming humbled by the giver or insensible to the gift. 9. Sextus was my pattern of a benign temper, and his family the model of a household governed by true paternal affection, and a steadfast purpose of living according to nature. Here I could learn to be grave without affectation, to observe sagaciously the several dispositions and inclinations of my friends, to tolerate the ignorant and those who follow current opinions without examination. His conversation showed how a man may accommodate himself to all men and to all companies; for though companionship with him was sweeter and more pleasing than any sort of flattery, yet he was at the same time highly respected and reverenced. No man was ever more happy than he in comprehending, finding out, and arranging in exact order the great maxims necessary for the conduct of life. His example taught me to suppress even the least appearance of anger or any other passion; but still, with all this perfect tranquillity, to possess the tenderest and most affectionate heart; to be apt to approve others yet without noise; to have much learning and little ostentation. 10. I learned from Alexander the Grammarian to avoid censuring others, to refrain from flouting them for a barbarism, solecism, or any false pronunciation. Rather was I dexterously to pronounce the words rightly in my answer, confining approval or objection to the matter itself, and avoiding discussion of the expression, or to use some other form of courteous suggestion. 11. Fronto made me sensible how much of envy, deceit and hypocrisy surrounds princes; and that generally those whom we account nobly born have somehow less natural affection. 12. I learned from Alexander the Platonist not often nor without great necessity to say, or write to any man in a letter, that I am not at leisure; nor thus, under pretext of urgent affairs, to make a practice of excusing myself from the duties which, according to our various ties, we owe to those with whom we live. 13. Of Catulus I learned not to condemn any friend’s expostulation even though it were unjust, but to try to recall him to his former disposition; to stint no praise in speaking of my masters, as is recounted of Domitius and Athenodorus; and to love my children with true affection. 14. Of Severus, my brother, I learned to love my kinsmen, to love truth, to love justice. Through him I came to know Thrasea, Helvidius, Cato, Dion, and Brutus. He gave me my first conception of a Commonwealth founded upon equitable laws and administered with equality of right; and of a Monarchy whose chief concern is the freedom of its subjects. Of him I learned likewise a constant and harmonious devotion to Philosophy; to be ready to do good, to be generous with all my heart. He taught me to be of good hope and trustful of the affection of my friends. I observed in him candour in declaring what he condemned in the conduct of others; and so frank and open was his behaviour, that his friends might easily see without the trouble of conjecture what he liked or disliked.