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Histoire et géographie : piliers incontournables de la politique marocaine... 2627

La politique ne peut être dissociée de l’histoire ni de la géographie. Elle consiste en un ensemble d’actions et de décisions visant à organiser une société sur le plan interne, mais également dans ses relations avec le reste du monde. Elle s’inscrit toujours dans un contexte façonné par les deux dimensions fondamentales que sont l’histoire et la géographie, qui ne sont nullement de simples arrière-plans, mais offrent bien la trame sur laquelle s’articulent projets, conflits et évolutions politiques. Elle peut être influencée par une idéologie, née d’une philosophie, ou simplement forgée à partir d’un contexte donné mais cela ne dure guère. L’histoire joue un rôle fondamental dans la compréhension des phénomènes politiques. Institutions, lois et valeurs d’un pays s’ancrent dans sa mémoire collective, héritage constitué d’événements majeurs, de ruptures ou de continuités avec le passé. Ainsi, les frontières, par exemple, sont fréquemment tracées à la suite de guerres ou de traités, résultant de conflits anciens ou récents. Elles restent les marques visibles de rivalités, de défaites, de victoires et de compromis du passé. Les relations, qu’elles soient de solidarité ou de rivalité entre nations, régions ou communautés, s’expliquent à la lumière d’histoires partagées ou divergentes. Le Royaume du Maroc actuel ne saurait être compris sans référence à sa genèse millénaire, à l’Empire chérifien pluriséculaire ni aux dynasties successives qui ont façonné son rapport aux religions, à l’allégeance ou à la centralisation du pouvoir, selon les époques. De la même façon, la géographie influence considérablement les choix et contraintes des politiques publiques. La répartition des ressources naturelles conditionne le développement économique, l’organisation territoriale et les rapports de force. Le relief, le climat ou l’accès aux voies maritimes déterminent les possibilités d’urbanisation, d’agriculture, de communication ou de défense. Les situations frontalières imposent des politiques diplomatiques et sécuritaires spécifiques, tandis que les espaces enclavés ou insulaires requièrent des stratégies adaptées. Certains auteurs n’hésitent pas à qualifier le Maroc de “pays insulaire” du fait de sa configuration géographique. Il est donc inconcevable de penser une politique efficace ou légitime sans tenir compte de l’histoire et de la géographie. Chaque choix, chaque réforme, chaque ambition politique doit s’appuyer sur une compréhension approfondie du territoire et de la mémoire collective ; ignorer l’un ou l’autre, c’est s’exposer à l’illusion, à l’incompréhension, voire à l’échec. Au sujet du Sahara appelé « occidental », la géographie de cette région se situe indéniablement dans le prolongement du Maroc, tant sur le plan physique, démographique qu’historique : les populations sahariennes ont largement contribué à l’évolution du pays. Son histoire s’est écrite au fil des allégeances successives de ses tribus aux sultans du Maroc, et le royaume chérifien constitue, de fait, un État-nation institué bien avant la période contemporaine. Affaibli pour avoir raté le virage fondamental de la révolution industrielle, l’Empire chérifien sera dépecé du sud vers le nord, mais aussi à partir de l’est. Le Sahara dit occidental fut annexé par l’Espagne, qui y exerça un contrôle colonial de 1884 à 1975. Cette situation a favorisé la mainmise de la France sur les territoires regroupés dans l’Afrique occidentale française, dont une partie allait former la Mauritanie. La France s’appropria aussi l’est de l’Empire chérifien, annexé de facto à ses départements conquis sur l’Empire ottoman et appelés Algérie française. Le reste sera placé sous protectorat français, tandis que le nord du Maroc passait sous domination espagnole. L’indépendance obtenue en 1956 et la décolonisation progressive de Sidi Ifni et Tarfaya n’ont concerné d’autres régions que plus tard. Le 28 novembre 1960, la France autorise la proclamation de l’indépendance de la Mauritanie, région revendiquée alors par le Maroc, tout comme les territoires sous contrôle espagnol, considérés comme siens. À cette époque, il y eu un ministère marocain dénommé « des Affaires mauritaniennes et sahariennes » fut confié à Mohammed Fal Ould Oumeir, représentant de ces territoires. Dès 1963, le royaume porta la question du Sahara espagnol devant la commission de décolonisation. La situation se compliqua lorsque la Mauritanie nouvellement créée revendiqua également ce territoire, notamment pour exercer une pression sur le Maroc, qui ne reconnaîtra l’indépendance mauritanienne qu’en 1969, soit neuf ans après sa proclamation. Le Maroc continua de revendiquer pacifiquement le Sahara espagnol, empêchant l’Armée de libération de poursuivre ses actions militaires dans la région. En 1973, la création du Front Polisario (Front populaire de libération de la Saguia el Hamra et du Rio de Oro) marqua une nouvelle étape. Ce mouvement visait initialement à rattacher le territoire saharien à la “mère patrie”. Mais dans un contexte de rivalités régionales et de tensions idéologiques, la question saharienne fut instrumentalisée par divers acteurs. La Libye de Mouammar Kadhafi joua notamment un rôle décisif dans la montée en puissance du Polisario indépendantiste, soutenant et armant le mouvement dans une logique “révolutionnaire” et panarabiste, tout en cherchant à déstabiliser la monarchie marocaine. Plus tard, Kadhafi admettra lui-même avoir commis une “erreur” stratégique en soutenant ce groupe, qui demeure aujourd’hui encore un facteur de déstabilisation dans la région. En 1975, un tournant pacifique se produisit : fort de l’avis de la Cour internationale de justice reconnaissant des liens d’allégeance entre les tribus sahariennes et les sultans marocains, feu SM Hassan II lança la Marche verte à la surprise générale. Cette mobilisation poussa l’Espagne à se retirer de Laâyoune au profit du Maroc, qui reprit immédiatement possession du territoire. La Mauritanie, bien qu’ayant occupé des zones limitrophes, finit par se retirer, laissant le Maroc seul face au Front Polisario, soutenu activement par l’Algérie qui hébergea, arma, finança et érigea le mouvement en “république”. L’Algérie de Houari Boumédiène exploita la situation pour affaiblir son voisin marocain, n’hésitant pas à qualifier le dossier saharien de “caillou dans la chaussure du Maroc”, façon de se venger de la défaite cuisante de 1963. Ce contentieux a souvent masqué l’histoire profonde des liens entre le Maroc et ces territoires sous autorité chérifienne bien avant l’ère coloniale. Pour le Maroc, l’intégrité territoriale repose solidement sur les constantes que sont l’histoire et la géographie; des arguments majeurs. Le reste n’est qu’une construction éphémère sans fondement, vouée à s’effacer dans l’oubli dans un futur proche. Les Marocains le savent très bien...Peut être pas les autres...
Aziz Daouda Aziz Daouda

Aziz Daouda

Directeur Technique et du Développement de la Confédération Africaine d'Athlétisme. Passionné du Maroc, passionné d'Afrique. Concerné par ce qui se passe, formulant mon point de vue quand j'en ai un. Humaniste, j'essaye de l'être, humain je veux l'être. Mon histoire est intimement liée à l'athlétisme marocain et mondial. J'ai eu le privilège de participer à la gloire de mon pays .


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Football: When Passion Kills the Game in Impunity and Tolerance.. 519

Football (Soccer for Americans) is first and foremost a matter of emotions. By its very essence, it is an open-air theater where human passions play out in their rawest, most primal form. It generates joy, anger, pride, humiliation, and a sense of belonging. From the stands of Camp Nou to those of the Diego Armando Maradona Stadium, through the fervor of the Mohamed V sport Complex in Casablanca, the vibrant enclosures of Stade Léopold Sédar Senghor in Dakar, or even the Parc des Princes in Paris, the Vélodrome In Marseille, and the Bernabeu In Madrid, football transcends the mere framework of the game to become a total social phenomenon. But this emotional intensity, which makes football's beauty, also constitutes its danger. For without rigorous regulation, it quickly tips into excess, then into violence. Today, it must be acknowledged that the rules exist, but they are too often circumvented, stripped of their substance, or applied with disconcerting leniency. On the pitches as in the stands, excesses are multiplying: insults toward referees, provocations between players, systematic challenges, physical violence, projectile throwing, pitch invasions, xenophobic remarks, racist offenses. What was once the exception is tending to become a tolerated norm. Astonishingly, we are starting to get used to it. Recent examples are telling. In Spain, in stadiums renowned for their football culture, racist chants continue to be belted out without shame, targeting players like Vinícius Júnior. Most recently, it was the Muslim community that was insulted. And yet, Spain's current football prodigy is Muslim. An overheated crowd that has doubtless forgotten it wasn't so long ago that it was Muslim itself. Among those chanting these remarks, and without a doubt, some still carry the genes of that recent past... In Dakar, just a few days ago, clashes escalated, turning a sports celebration into a scene of chaos. In Italy, incidents involving supporters who invaded the pitch, during a friendly match, no less, endangered players and officials, recalling the dark hours of European hooliganism in the 1980s. These episodes are not isolated; they reflect a worrying normalization of violence in and around stadiums. Even at the highest level of African football, behavioral excesses are becoming problematic. The 2025 Africa Cup of Nations final left a bitter taste. What should have been a moment of celebration for continental football was marred by behaviors contrary to sporting ethics. Pressures on refereeing, excessive challenges, and game interruptions have become commonplace. When a coach manipulates a match's rhythm to influence a refereeing decision, it is no longer strategy but a challenge to the very foundations of the sport. Despite international outrage, the sanctions imposed on teams, clubs, or players involved remain often symbolic, insufficient to eradicate these behaviors. A very surprising phenomenon: rarely have clubs or federations clearly distanced themselves from such crowds. They accommodate them, and when they condemn them, it is half-heartedly, in a muffled, timid tone with no effect. The problem is twofold. On one hand, disciplinary regulations exist but lack firmness. On the other, their application suffers from a lack of consistency and political courage. Bodies like FIFA, continental confederations, and national federations hesitate to impose truly dissuasive sanctions such as point deductions, prolonged closed-door matches, competition exclusions, or even administrative relegations. Yet without fear of sanction, the rule loses all effectiveness. It suffices to compare with other sports to measure the gap. In rugby, for example, respect for the referee is a cardinal value. The slightest challenge is immediately sanctioned. In athletics, a false start leads to immediate disqualification, no discussion. Football, meanwhile, still tolerates too many behaviors that should be unacceptable. This permissiveness has a cost. It undermines football's image, discourages some families from attending stadiums, and endangers the safety of the game's actors. More gravely, it paves the way for future tragedies. History has already taught us, through catastrophes like the Heysel Stadium disaster, that violence in stadiums can have tragic consequences. It is therefore urgent to react. Regulating football does not mean killing its soul, but rather preserving it. It is not about extinguishing passions, but channeling them. This requires strong measures, exemplary sanctions against offending clubs and players, accountability for national federations, increased use of technology to identify troublemakers, and above all, a clear political will from national and international governing bodies. Football cannot continue to be this "market of emotion" left to its own devices. For by tolerating the intolerable, it risks losing what makes its greatness and its ability to unite rather than divide. If FIFA does not decide to act firmly, the danger is real: that of seeing football sink into a spiral where violence triumphs over the game, and where, one day, tragedies exceed the mere framework of sport. The long-awaited decision of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in the 2025 AFCON final case should confirm rigor and integrity in the application of rules, at least at this level, thereby strengthening the credibility of the pan-African competition and football in general.

April 2026 or the Certain Confirmation of the Moroccan Victory... 712

We are entering a decisive month of April. The international dynamic is shifting even further in Morocco's favor on the Sahara issue. April once again promises to be a pivotal moment in the international handling of the Moroccan Sahara question. This structuring diplomatic ritual corresponds to the presentation of the annual report by the UN Secretary-General's Personal Envoy to the Security Council. But this year, the context is profoundly different. The lines have shifted, balances have been redrawn, and a new dynamic is taking hold, clearly favorable to Morocco, a logical follow-up to the adoption of Resolution 2797, with strong structuring potential. The adoption of this resolution marks an essential milestone. It goes beyond simply renewing the existing framework. It consolidates a political direction initiated over several years, by enshrining the preeminence of a realistic, pragmatic, and sustainable political solution, centered exclusively on the Moroccan autonomy initiative. This resolution fits into a strategic continuity that progressively marginalizes unrealistic options, those that long relied on outdated or inapplicable references in the current geopolitical context. It also increases pressure on the parties to engage in a credible political process under the exclusive auspices of the United Nations, but in reality under strong American pressure. The United States has directly engaged in favor of the Kingdom, with the return of roundtables in Madrid and then Washington as key pivots. These meetings have confirmed a diplomatic reality that is now hard to contest. The format of the gatherings, including Morocco, Mauritania, the Polisario Front, and Algeria despite itself, is the only relevant framework for progress. It implicitly enshrines Algeria's central role, long eager to present itself as a mere observer. Its active participation, even forced, places it at the heart of the dispute, profoundly altering the reading of the conflict and redistributing political responsibilities. Madrid and Washington are not insignificant venues. They reflect the growing involvement of Western powers in seeking a resolution, with increasing convergence around the Moroccan proposal. One of the expected developments this month concerns the future of MINURSO. The time has come to redefine the mission. From its inception, it has never fulfilled the role for which it was established. A major evolution is likely emerging in support of implementing autonomy in the southern provinces within the framework of the Kingdom's sovereignty. Long confined to monitoring the ceasefire, the mission will see its name change and its mandate evolve to adapt to on-the-ground realities and the demands of a renewed political process. Such a change would be highly significant. It would mark the end of UN inertia and reflect the international community's will to move from managing the status quo to an active and definitive resolution logic. Much to the dismay of those who, for 50 years, have done everything to perpetuate the conflict through their proxy; the latter is increasingly suffering from the shifting landscape. Washington has toughened its tone and put the Polisario in its sights. Algeria is evidently feeling the effects. The introduction in the US Congress of a proposal to designate the Polisario as a terrorist organization represents a potentially major turning point. If successful, such a designation would have considerable political, financial, and diplomatic consequences. It would further isolate the movement, weaken its supporters, and reshape the balance of power. Above all, it would reinforce the security reading of the dossier, in a Sahel-Saharan context marked by rising transnational threats. This adds to a Security Council increasingly aligned with the Moroccan position. The Council's current composition clearly leans in favor of Moroccan positions. Several influential members explicitly or implicitly support the autonomy initiative, seen as the most serious and credible basis for settlement. This shift is no accident. It results from active, coherent, and consistent Moroccan diplomacy, which has successfully embedded the Sahara issue within logics of regional stability, counter-terrorism, and economic development. Algeria, for its part, faces its contradictions. In this context, the Algerian regime appears increasingly beleaguered. Its positioning, long structured around ideological rhetoric and systematic opposition to Morocco, now seems out of step with international system evolutions. Algiers' relative diplomatic isolation, including in its Sahelian environment, contrasts with its regional ambitions. Internally, economic and social challenges exacerbate tensions in a country with considerable resources but unevenly distributed benefits. Algerian populations suffer from much injustice and lack the essentials. The Sahara issue, instrumentalized for decades as a lever for foreign policy and internal cohesion, thus reveals the limits of a politically exhausted model. The trend thus confirms a historic turning point depriving the Algerian regime of its artificial political rent. All elements converge toward one conclusion: April 2026 could mark a decisive step in the evolution of the Moroccan Sahara dossier. Without prejudging an immediate outcome, current dynamics are progressively narrowing the space for blocking positions. More than ever, resolving this conflict seems to hinge on recognizing geopolitical realities and adhering to a pragmatic political solution. In this perspective, Morocco appears in a position of strength, bolstered by growing legitimacy and increasingly assertive international support. The question remains whether other actors, particularly Algeria, will adapt to this new reality or choose to oppose it at the risk of greater isolation in a world where balances of power evolve rapidly. There will undoubtedly be a before and after April 2026, and above all, the consolidation of a Moroccan position oriented toward further development of the southern provinces. The Security Council's output is awaited in this direction.