Think Forward.

Pauvreté multidimensionnelle: décryptage de l’indice Oxford et état des lieux au Maroc 1990

Evoquer la pauvreté, c'est souvent penser à l’insuffisance de revenus. Pourtant, la pauvreté recouvre des dimensions bien plus larges et complexes comme l'accès à l’éducation, à la santé, au logement décent , et autres ressources basiques en fonction des sociétés et de leurs cultures. C’est sur cette base ou presque qu’a été conçu et dévoilé en 2010 l’**Indice de Pauvreté Multidimensionnelle** (IPM, ou MPI en anglais) par l’équipe de l’Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) de l’Université d’Oxford. L'indice sera adopté lors du 20ème anniversaire du Programme des Nations unies pour le développement (PNUD), *Mais qu’est-ce que la pauvreté multidimensionnelle ou l’indice Oxford ?* La pauvreté multidimensionnelle est la privation simultanée et synchronique subie par les individus dans différents aspects essentiels de l’existence. L’indice Oxford, ou IPM, se veut mesurer cet aspect de pauvreté sur la base de 10 indicateurs, répartis autour de trois dimensions principales. La santé en matière de nutrition et de mortalité infantile; l'éducation en ce qui concerne la scolarisation, les années d’enseignement et les conditions de vie, à savoir l'accès à l’eau potable, à l'électricité, aux commodités sanitaires, à un habitat de qualité, et aux biens essentiels. Un ménage est considéré comme pauvre selon l’IPM si ses membres sont privés d'un minimum dans au moins 33% de ces indicateurs. L’indice se calcule via une formule toute simple: IPM = H \times A **H** étant la proportion de personnes pauvres et **A** l’intensité moyenne des privations chez ces personnes. Cette approche apporte un diagnostic plus fin qu’une simple mesure monétaire de la pauvreté. Elle permet d’identifier l’origine exacte et la nature des privations et donc d’orienter plus efficacement l’action publique. L’introduction de l’IPM au Maroc a profondément renouvelé la lecture de la pauvreté dans le pays. Il y a dix ans, cet indice était de 11,9%. Grâce à une mobilisation importante et à des politiques ciblées, ce taux est passé à 6,8% selon le recensement national de 2024, soit une réduction de moitié. Traduit en nombre de personnes touchées, le taux serait descendu de 4,5% à 2,5% des 36 millions que sont les marocains aujourd'hui. Malgré ces avancées notoires, la pauvreté reste marquée par de fortes disparités régionales et sociales. Les privations concernent principalement **l’éducation** et les **conditions de vie** comme l'accès à l’eau potable, à un logement décent, aux soins médicaux. La concentration de la pauvreté multidimensionnelle est davantage marquée en milieu **rural** avec 72% des pauvres avec un taux alarmant chez les enfants ruraux dont le pourcentage serait de près de 69%. Dans le 26è discours du trône, Sa Majesté le Roi a salué les progrès réalisés tout en exprimant la non satisfaction du souverain et la volonté de redresser rapidement la situation. En effet, le Maroc reste devancé par de nombreux autres pays qui affichent des taux de pauvreté multidimensionnelle plus faibles et ayant enregistré une baisse plus rapide de l’indice; Certains pays ayant donc mieux réussi. A titre d'exemple, **la **Croatie** enregistrait déjà en 2022 un taux inférieur à 0,5%. Quant à la **Chine** avec 12,5% en 2002, ou la **Turquie** avec un indice de 8,5% en 2007, elles ont enregistré des baisses plus rapides et figurent aujourd'hui parmi les pays les mieux classés. Plusieurs pays d’Asie ou d’Amérique latine ont eux aussi connu une baisse marquée, grâce à des stratégies innovantes, des politiques sociales ambitieuses et un soutien international soutenu. Le Maroc reste mieux classé tout de même par rapport à nombreux pays africains subsahariens. Le Mali a eu un IPM de 77,7% en 2012 et le Burundi 80,8% en 2010. Mais Le Maroc garde un écart significatif avec les leaders mondiaux et même par rapport à certains pays en voie de développement de la méditerranée et d’Asie. Pour permettre au Royaume de maintenir et d'accélérer ses progrès, il y a lieu de prendre certaines mesures drastiques et efficaces nécessitant un véritable courage politique et une grande audace. Plusieurs pistes sont à envisager en concomitance, comme: - **Optimiser l’investissement dans l’éducation,** en réduisant la déperdition scolaire, en promouvant davantage l’égalité d’accès, filles/garçons en zones rurales et en améliorant la qualité de l’enseignement et son attractivité par la qualification des enseignants et des cursus adaptés. - ** Poser sérieusement la question de la langue d'enseignement **. Les marocains parlent une langue qu'ils ne retrouvent pas à l'école. La Darija est la langue des marocains et devrait être valorisée de façon à créer un continuum entre la vie de tous les jours et l'apprentissage. Tous les spécialistes de l'éducation et les instances internationales dédiées insistent sur l'usage de la langue maternelle pour plus d'efficience de l'apprentissage, ne serait ce que pendant les premières années de l'école et c'est le cas dans tous les pays réussissant en matière d'éducation. - ** Redéfinir ce qu'est l'analphabétisme au Maroc**. Est ce encore possible de considérer que l'analphabétisme soit le fait de ne pas maitriser des langues non usuelles dans la vie de tous les jours. La langue de travail et des métiers faisant vivre les marocains et dans laquelle tous échangent, communiquent et s'activent, n'étant pas prise en compte. La question doit se penser au vu de ce que dit la science sans dogme ni idéologie désuète et non productive. - **Accélérer la couverture médicale et la protection sociale,** via une généralisation plus rapide et moins contraignante. -** Inciter par des avantages financiers conséquents et du logement** les professionnels de santé et ceux de l'enseignement, à s’installer dans les zones reculées et ciblées. - **Étendre et renforcer les infrastructures de base,** avec un accent particulier sur l’eau potable, l’électricité, l’assainissement et le logement social même en milieu rural. La problématique posée par l'habitat dispersé ne doit plus être un tabou. Certains problèmes récurrents ne peuvent en aucun cas trouver de solutions dans certaines régions à cause du type d'habitat et de sa localisation. - **Cibler territorialement les efforts publics,** grâce à une planification fine et à une allocation prioritaire de ressources appropriées vers les régions les plus vulnérables, en tenant compte des besoins véritables des populations ciblées. - **Développer et affiner les filets sociaux et la résilience,** pour mieux protéger les populations touchées par le changement climatique. En adoptant une approche intégrée et territorialisée, fondée sur les données précises de l’IPM, le Maroc pourra consolider les gains déjà réalisés et rattraper son retard sur les meilleurs élèves de la région et du monde dans un avenir proche au vu de sa stabilité, son taux de croissance conséquent, son économie diversifiée et de plus en plus performante et bien évidement grâce au génie de sa population.
Aziz Daouda Aziz Daouda

Aziz Daouda

Directeur Technique et du Développement de la Confédération Africaine d'Athlétisme. Passionné du Maroc, passionné d'Afrique. Concerné par ce qui se passe, formulant mon point de vue quand j'en ai un. Humaniste, j'essaye de l'être, humain je veux l'être. Mon histoire est intimement liée à l'athlétisme marocain et mondial. J'ai eu le privilège de participer à la gloire de mon pays .


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African Football’s Leading Force: The Moroccan Model Amidst Regional Headwinds 303

The curtain fell on AFCON 2025, leaving a trail of striking contrasts. While the event confirmed the Kingdom’s supremacy as a world-class logistical hub, the tensions witnessed during the final on January 18, 2026, in Rabat, served as a stark reminder of the contingencies still weighing on continental football. Between the seamlessness of the infrastructure and the archaic nature of certain disciplinary attitudes, a fundamental question emerges: how will the transition from CAF’s regulatory framework to that of FIFA in 2030 reshape the management of these organic crises? This shift represents more than a mere scaling up; it is a true paradigmatic rupture where technocratic neutrality will serve to sanctify Moroccan excellence. I. Moroccan Excellence: A Technological Showcase for Africa The massive investment deployed by the Kingdom—ranging from the deep modernization of sports complexes to the systemic integration of VAR—presented the world with the image of a modern, rigorous, and visionary Morocco. This material success, lauded by international observers, aimed to establish an African benchmark. However, this pursuit of perfection encountered a persistent psychological phenomenon: the "host country complex." In this configuration, organizational mastery is sometimes perceived by competitors not as shared progress, but as a lever of dominance, mechanically fueling theories of favoritism. The events of the final illustrate this at its peak. The disallowed goal for Ismaïla Sarr and the late-match penalty became, through the lens of regional suspicion, instruments of controversy rather than technically grounded officiating decisions. Yet, data from DM Sport reveals the opposite: Morocco was among the most penalized teams in the tournament. This discrepancy highlights a major flaw: technology is insufficient to validate a result unless it is protected by a jurisdictional authority perceived as exogenous. II. Solidary Leadership and the Diplomacy of Resentment It would be erroneous, however, to view this quest for excellence as a desire for isolation. On the contrary, Morocco maintains deep and unwavering historical ties with the majority of its sister nations across the continent. Faithful to its African roots, the Kingdom continues to actively promote continental football within CAF, offering its infrastructure and expertise to federations seeking professionalization. This "open-hand" policy ensures that Moroccan success translates into success for all of Africa. Nevertheless, such leadership breeds friction. A "diplomacy of resentment" has emerged from certain foreign media spheres—particularly in specific Arab and African countries—aiming to tarnish the prestige of the Moroccan organization. By framing Morocco as a favored "ogre," these narratives attempt to transform factual superiority into moral injustice. This media harassment specifically targets the emergence of a governance model that now aligns with the most demanding global standards. III. The Advent of "Cold Justice": Legal Sanctification The transition to FIFA’s aegis in 2030 will signal the end of the geographical proximity that fosters such smear campaigns. Unlike the continental framework, the globalization of officiating bodies will dismantle zonal rivalries. Where CAF must often navigate between diplomatic compromise and sporting imperatives, FIFA deploys a "cold justice"—purely procedural in nature. The chaos observed in Rabat would meet a surgical response in 2030. Article 10 of the FIFA Disciplinary Code is unequivocal: any refusal to resume play results in an automatic forfeit and severe sanctions. In 2030, the rule of law will act as a protective cleaver for the host, rendering victimhood narratives obsolete. IV. Technology and the "2030 Bloc": Toward an Indisputable Truth The 2030 edition, spearheaded by the Morocco-Spain-Portugal trio, will benefit from total judgment automation (Shadow VAR, semi-automated offside) and absolute transparency. The FIFA Hosting Agreement will prevail as a superior norm, guaranteeing impartiality. This legal framework will serve as a shield, preventing disciplinary incidents from being politically instrumentalized against the Kingdom. AFCON 2025 was a successful demonstration of organizational strength for Morocco, confirming its role as the driving force of African football. However, it also revealed that excellence remains vulnerable to peripheral noise. In 2030, the definitive anchoring in FIFA law will allow the Kingdom to transform its organizational prowess into a lasting institutional legacy. Sport, finally shielded from geopolitical dross, will align with the strategic vision of a Morocco turned toward the universal, making the rule of law the bedrock of its global legitimacy.

Light Pollution and the End of the Construction of Imagination – Part 1 380

One of the memories I carry most fondly is when my interest in everything related to outer space first awakened. I clearly remember that in 1980 I saw a TV report about a lunar eclipse that we would be able to observe. The images shown on the news program impacted me so deeply that I could hardly sleep that night. The sight of the lunar craters, caught in that characteristic interplay of light and shadow, became etched in my mind. The next day, I questioned a teacher who was a friend of my family almost to the point of exhausting him, asking so many questions about the subject. Next year, I also saw TV advertisements announcing the theatrical release of "The Empire Strikes Back". In a way, my imagination was launched in a manner analogous to the catapult effect that spacecraft and space probes use when they swing around planets. There wasn’t a single clear night when I didn’t spend hours looking up at the sky, at the immensity of the universe. At that time, the night sky was truly dark, since light pollution caused by city lights did not yet have as significant an effect as it does today. In 1982, Carl Sagan’s series "Cosmos" also premiered on television, and even its soundtrack struck me deeply. Then, in 1984, with the debut of several animated series, two of them being "Groizer X" and "Star Blazers", the American version of "Space Battleship Yamato", I experienced yet another “gravitational catapult” effect, further fueling my imagination. In 1986, the passage of Halley’s Comet took over newspapers, magazines, TV programs, and even my school science books. That was it! This was the definitive confirmation of my passion for the space. At that time, however, I still lived in the realm of fantasy, driven solely by what my imagination brought me. I would look at the sky on clear nights and think that traveling through space was like it was in the movies, challenging, full of adventures and dangers, yet seeming simple and even comfortable. After all, in science fiction films, many aspects of physics were disregarded, using a kind of poetic license. But I grew up. I became a scientist. My gaze acquired a new perspective, yet without ever losing the magic of imagination from the beginning of this story. What came next? In the second part of this story, I will conclude… Clear skies to all, and Ad astra!

Trump’s “Council of Peace”: Strategic Pragmatism or Alarm Signal for the International Order? 1134

The invitation extended by U.S. President Donald Trump to His Majesty King Mohammed VI to join the new “Council of Peace” marks a significant turning point in contemporary international relations practice. It stems neither from protocol nor symbolism, but fits into an assumed reconfiguration of global conflict management mechanisms. The Sovereign's acceptance of this invitation, while the Algerian president was not invited and Africa remains largely underrepresented, if not ignored, highlights a selective logic based not on geography or ideology, but on political utility as perceived by the USA as a global actor. In the official communiqué announcing the Sovereign's acceptance, Morocco's diplomatic fundamentals regarding the Palestinian issue were explicitly reiterated, particularly the two-state solution with states living side by side. The trust-based relations with the concerned Arab parties, especially Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank on one side, and Israel on the other, perfectly foreshadow the role the Kingdom will play in establishing peace and rebuilding the region. Isn't this a direct way to consecrate a results-oriented diplomacy in the face of the long-ailing multilateralism that has been faltering for quite some time? For decades, major international institutions, starting with the UN, have struggled to resolve protracted conflicts. The Security Council is paralyzed by the veto right, peace processes are stalled, UN missions lack a clear political horizon: the symptoms of a saturated system are evident. Donald Trump's envisioned Council of Peace, by contrast, follows a logic of rupture. It seeks neither to produce international law nor to impose universal norms, but to create an informal framework for direct negotiation among influential actors, including those the UN system struggles to integrate operationally. In this context, Morocco is undoubtedly a stability actor and a discreet, credible, and effective mediator. The presence of the King of Morocco in this body reflects international recognition of a diplomatic model founded on stability, continuity, and pragmatism. Morocco has established itself as an actor capable of dialoguing with partners of divergent interests while maintaining a clear strategic line, and everyone knows that it is His Majesty himself who initiated this vision and leads this distinguished diplomacy. This explains the particular nature of the invitation addressed to the Sovereign. Conversely, the exclusion of certain states reveals the limits of a diplomacy based on permanent conflictuality and blind ideological posturing. In a Trumpian logic, effectiveness trumps representativeness. Pragmatism prevails over sterility and outdated ideological blindness. The question then becomes: in this context, is the UN being marginalized or pushed toward reform? This Council does not signal the immediate end of the UN, but it exposes its existential crisis. If a parallel body achieves tangible results quickly, as claimed on certain African dossiers, among others, then the question of the UN system's functional legitimacy will arise acutely. President Trump's initiative can thus be seen as a trigger: either for a progressive weakening of the UN, which he has little fondness for, or for a profound reform of its decision-making mechanisms, particularly the Security Council. And since President Trump is already midway through his term and cannot run again, things will move very quickly. The context is also highly particular, with a transatlantic fracture revealing a malaise that has been simmering since Trump's first term, he no longer accepts defending a hostile Europe that is increasingly dependent on American budgets for its defense. The refusal of European countries, including France, to join this new body translates a growing strategic divergence between Europe and the United States. While Washington prioritizes power dynamics and direct negotiation, Europe remains attached to a normative multilateralism, sometimes disconnected from ground realities. Its diplomatic hypocrisy and double standards on many issues are laid bare here. Its position and quagmire in Ukraine testify to the anachronistic state of its strategy. The invitation to Vladimir Putin accentuates this fracture, especially in the context of the Ukraine conflict and geopolitical tensions in the Arctic. Europe no longer knows on what ground to engage with President Trump. How to interpret President Macron's statement at Davos, where he said he did not accept the law of the strongest without naming it? Who is the strongest, then, when the one he alludes to is precisely the initiator of the new Council? Isn't this truly a sharing of power? Why refuse to be part of it! And then Trump responds to Macron by declining an invitation to a G7 meeting... For now, Donald Trump's Council of Peace is neither a complete institutional alternative to the UN nor a mere conjunctural initiative. It is the symptom of a world impatient with the ineffectiveness of traditional frameworks. In this context, the role that the King of Morocco will play illustrates the rise of actors capable of articulating pragmatism, stability, and international credibility. More than an architectural change, this initiative reveals a profound transformation of the implicit rules of global governance. And since the Council's seat is not yet known, why not envision it being established in Morocco? The special invitation addressed to His Majesty King Mohammed VI is a good omen and could even be understood in this light. Morocco would thus become the nerve center of Peace in the world.