Think Forward.

Dopage, un problème de santé publique... 3327

Je viens de passer une journée mémorable à Khouribga, le 30 décembre de l’année écoulée à l’invitation de l’Agence Marocaine Antidopage que préside la vaillante Fatima Abouali. C’était à l’occasion de l’une des étapes de la Caravane Nationale « Sport sans dopage », visant la sensibilisation des jeunes quant aux dangers des substances dopantes sur la santé; caravane placée sous le haut patronage de Sa Majesté le Roi , que Dieu l'assiste. A chacune de ces invitations, car ce n'est pas la première puisque j'avais participé à l'étape de Laayoune et d'Errachidia, l'occasion m'est donnée pour m'adresser aux autorités et personnalités présentes mais surtout aux dirigeants sportifs et aux jeunes. AMAD est l’autorité marocaine compétente en matière de lutte contre le dopage. Elle est assez récente puisque n’a été créée que suite aux directives royales contenues dans la lettre historique aux assises du sport en 2008. Elle compte aujourd'hui 3 ans d'âge. Cela ne veut point dire que les sportifs marocains n’étaient pas contrôlés avant la création de l’AMAD. C’était alors les fédérations internationales, puis une agence régionale qui contrôlait les sportifs dans toute la région d’Afrique du Nord. Sa Majesté disait en substance en 2008, dans cette lettre : « …Cela vaut également pour le dopage, qui constitue un phénomène étranger à nos traditions et à notre culture et qui est répréhensible par la loi et l'éthique sportive. C'est pourquoi Nous engageons les autorités compétentes à sévir vigoureusement contre cette pratique et à faire preuve d'intransigeance dans la répression de l'utilisation et de la commercialisation des substances dopantes, et ce, conformément à la législation nationale et à nos engagements internationaux en la matière. » C’est à cela que travaille sans répit l’AMAD. Outre de veiller sur les sportifs de haut niveau soumis de par la règlementation internationale à des protocoles strictes de contrôles réguliers, en compétition et surtout et beaucoup en dehors des compétitions, L’agence s’attaque aussi à un phénomène dont nous tardons probablement à prendre conscience, celui du recours par les amateurs adeptes de la culture du corps à des produits apparemment innocents et inoffensifs mais qui peuvent constituer un danger véritable pour la santé notamment des jeunes, souvent inconscients, insoucieux ou mal informés et formés. Le recours à des produits tels que certains compléments alimentaires, d’origine des fois douteuses, constitue un danger de santé publique et c’est pour en informer les populations que l’AMAD a initié la caravane qui sillonne le territoire national pour justement mettre beaucoup d’informations à la portée des jeunes. Prendre des produits d’une certaine nature peut s’avérer extrêmement dangereux avec des répercussions des fois irréversibles pouvant aller à des myopathies graves, des troubles de pression artérielle, des troubles graves de la sexualité et tant d’autres problèmes de santé. C’est dire qu’il ne s’agit pas d’effets secondaires auxquels on pourrait s’accommoder. Le professeur Moulay Ahmed Belimam, secrétaire général de l’AMAD, n’arrête pas de le répéter et d’alerter sur ces dangers d’un autre genre, des dangers des temps modernes. Certains compléments alimentaires comptent dans leurs compositions des stéroïdes anabolisants et autres molécules non autorisées et non admises dans la pratique sportive pour leur nocivité et parce que détournée de leur usage thérapeutique normal. Il s’agit en fait de contourner l’inefficacité des produits de fabrication de base de ses compléments alimentaires en y ajoutant des molécules et composants dont les effets sont connus, par exemple sur le volume musculaire notamment par leurs effets la rétention d’eau. Le volume musculaire, outre la question de l’apparence laisse donner une impression de force, hélas oh combien illusoire. les personnes prenant ces produits, apparemment forts, ne sont même pas aussi forts que la moyenne des personnes non entrainées. Les recherches ont aussi montré le caractère addictif de ces produits ; le consommateur se retrouve ainsi pris dans un engrenage qu’il ne va plus maitriser. Qu'une discipline sportive isolée soit contaminée par le phénomène de dopage, on peut toujours objecter qu'il s'agit d'un fléau que l’on peut possiblement circonscrire. On peut alors prendre des mesures appropriées et corriger l'anomalie. La gravité découle ici du fait que de nombreuses disciplines sportives et pratiques physiques pour ne pas dire toutes sont contaminées. Des jeunes dont l’objet de la pratique n’est pas la compétition ou encore des jeunes qui pratiquent sans la moindre volonté de faire partie du mouvement sportif national sont aujourd’hui victimes insoucieuses de pratiques nocives pour leur santé et illicites vis à vis de la loi. Cela devient préoccupant. Il y a là un problème de santé publique et de mise en œuvre de la loi. S’imposent ainsi des mesures de contrôle des produits suspects, de leur traçabilité et de la nature de leurs composants tout aussi bien que s’impose de débusquer les circuits d’approvisionnement et de la commercialisation frauduleuses. Et il y a urgence. Reste aussi à persévérer dans la voie de la lutte contre les pratiques de dopage car c'est aussi de la triche ; c’est interdit et encadré par les règlements sportifs mais également par la loi. Les consommateurs/utilisateurs de produits et pratiques interdites doivent en être dissuadés. Ceux qui en font la promotion, ceux qui en font commerce, sportifs, dirigeants doivent savoir que c'est à la fois dangereux et illicite. Tous doivent comprendre que c’est une triche inadmissible et qu’il y a au Maroc une loi qui prévoit des punitions sévères pour cette triche-là spécifiquement. Celui ou celle qui se dope, finit toujours par se faire attraper car toute substance introduite dans le corps est détectable. Tous ce que vous mettez dans votre corps à peine consommé laisse des traces ; des traces détectables en laboratoire. La loi aujourd’hui ne punit plus que le sportif en cas de dopage mais également toute personne en relation avec le cas confondu. En 2022, l’AMAD a effectué un total de 919 tests, dont 704 effectués par l’AMAD en qualité d’autorité de contrôle et 215 prélèvements, comme autorité de prélèvement réalisés pour le compte et à la demande d’autres organismes.
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Aziz Daouda Aziz Daouda

Aziz Daouda

Directeur Technique et du Développement de la Confédération Africaine d'Athlétisme. Passionné du Maroc, passionné d'Afrique. Concerné par ce qui se passe, formulant mon point de vue quand j'en ai un. Humaniste, j'essaye de l'être, humain je veux l'être. Mon histoire est intimement liée à l'athlétisme marocain et mondial. J'ai eu le privilège de participer à la gloire de mon pays .


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Agentic AI Beyond Benchmarks: Meta-Agents & the Future of AI Evaluation with Khalil Mrini 81

I recently sat down with Khalil Mrini to talk about his work and international experiences. He has spent time in Marrakech, Switzerland, India, and the United States, each place influencing his perspective in different ways. We also mentioned his visit at the UM6P, his experience of the university, students and innkvative AI curriculum. Khalil presented his new paper on agentic AI. The paper focuses on the use of autonomous agents to evaluate and benchmark other agents: essentially, systems that can test one another’s capabilities. He described how this approach could provide a more dynamic and optimal method for measuring progress in AI research. We ended the conversation by discussing AI ethics. Our exchange raised open questions about responsibility, transparency, and how the field can ensure that increasingly autonomous systems align with human values.
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A Historical Triptych: How Morocco, Spain, and Portugal are Forging the Success of the 2030 World Cup 236

The assignment of the 2030 FIFA World Cup hosting rights to the unprecedented trio of Morocco, Portugal, and Spain marks the opening of a new chapter in the history of international and sporting relations. The joint organization of this event confirms an unparalleled dynamic, engaging the three nations in a triangular cooperation whose efficiency will be the decisive marker of this global event's success. This trilateral partnership transcends mere logistical collaboration to become a true lever for strategic development. The question is no longer whether bilateral relations are ready, but how their integration into a strengthened trilateral framework will guarantee the success of a mega-event poised to connect, for the first time, two continents through the medium of sport. Historical ties and geographical proximity provide a fertile ground for a remarkable intensification of relations between these three partners. The announcement of their tripartite bid has, in fact, elevated the need for harmonized coordination in the logistical, economic, and security domains to the level of a strategic imperative. I. The Political and Economic Foundations of Enhanced Cooperation The alignment around the 2030 project is not fortuitous; it is rooted in deep political and economic considerations that mutualize the interests of the three countries. •⁠ ⁠The Imperative of Convergence suffers no ambivalence: Spain and Portugal, while operating within the structural framework of the European Union, recognize Morocco as an essential strategic partner, a genuine gateway and pivot to the African continent. This dynamic is not unilateral; the Kingdom is consolidating its Euro-African anchor with heightened clarity through this same alliance. The World Cup deadline, far from being a simple calendar constraint, acts as a powerful lever, forcing the acceleration—often judged too slow—of regulatory, customs, and security convergence processes among the three capitals. Crucially, the political will displayed at the highest level—symbolized by the direct monitoring of Moroccan commitments by His Majesty King Mohammed VI—stands as a decisive catalyst, ensuring the establishment of a unified and enduring policy line, even in the face of contingencies and fluctuations in political majorities within the allied states. •⁠ ⁠Mutualization of Investments and Benefits: On the economic front, the World Cup represents an unprecedented opportunity to boost trade and investment. The trilateral agreements directly influence the planning of major works: the goal is no longer to build isolated infrastructures, but integrated networks (ports, air links, potential high-speed rail connections) designed for interoperability. The harmonization of tourism offerings and incentivizing fiscal regimes for sponsors and investors is crucial to maximize shared benefits. The success of coordination in the logistical, economic, and security domains will not be merely a performance indicator; it will be the symbol of a collective capacity to manage a complex event on a transcontinental scale. II. Managing Complexities: The Challenges of Co-Development An event of this magnitude, operated by three sovereign states, naturally generates frictions and coordination challenges that require first-rate diplomatic and technical management. •⁠ ⁠The Challenge of Global Security and Integrated Transport: The primary obstacle is the creation of a unified security space for the millions of supporters on the move. This demands real-time information sharing, coordination of law enforcement agencies, and the harmonization of emergency protocols. Concurrently, the transport system must be conceived as a single network. The transit of teams and supporters between Europe and Africa must be fluid, reliable, and ecological, necessitating targeted investments in airport capacity and maritime services. •⁠ ⁠The Cultural and Civilizational Vector: Beyond sport, the World Cup is a diplomatic platform. The secondary, but fundamental, challenge is to move beyond simple technical organization to present an ideal model of intercultural coexistence. Morocco, Spain, and Portugal must invest in promoting their cross-cultural heritages, consolidating the values of peace and mutual respect. This involves qualifying national institutions not only in logistics but also in public management and global media interaction, to avoid the pitfalls of fragmented or sensationalist coverage. III. The Structuring Influence of Bilateral Agreements on Logistics The influence of existing agreements between the three countries is vital for infrastructure development. The current stage is characterized by high anticipation from the private sectors and sports observers, who are watching for the concrete acceleration of construction projects. The overall efficiency of the operation—whether considering the pre-event phase, execution during the tournament, or the post-realization legacy—rests entirely on the solidity of the triangular commitment. The transformation of infrastructures, from stadiums to training centers and reception areas, must be carried out in a spirit of normative alignment. In conclusion, the 2030 World Cup is not merely the sum of three national organizations; it is a project of strategic co-development. The strong historical relations uniting the Kingdom of Morocco, Portugal, and Spain, amplified by a constant and high-level political will, constitute the decisive element for transforming this bid into a resounding success, offering the world a precedent of successful integration between two shores.

Law 30-09: A “Tree with Bitter Fruits” Hindering the Development of Moroccan Sports 237

While Morocco’s recent performances on the international stage—particularly in football—demonstrate its growing dynamism, the legal framework governing the sports sector seems unable to keep pace with this evolution. Conceived in the wake of the 2008 Royal Letter and enacted in 2010, Law No. 30-09, which was meant to modernize the national sports system, now reveals—fifteen years after its delayed implementation—serious limitations. Marked by internal inconsistencies, deficient enforcement, and pervasive state interference, the law ultimately undermines its original purpose: to professionalize Moroccan sport and align it with international standards. I. Excessive Requirements and Forgotten Sanctions Born from a clear political will to reform Moroccan sport and provide it with a modern legal framework, Law 30-09 has quickly become a rigid and impractical instrument. One of its most emblematic—and controversial—provisions is the obligation imposed on certain sports associations to establish sports corporations (Sociétés Anonymes). While the intent was to ensure sound governance, fiscal transparency, and executive accountability, practice has revealed the limits of this approach. •⁠ ⁠A disproportionate constraint. Most associations lack the financial and organizational capacity to comply with such structural obligations. •⁠ ⁠A flawed and inapplicable framework. The law establishes three non-cumulative conditions triggering the obligation to form a sports company. Only the first has been clarified by regulation, while the other two—relating to turnover and payroll—were never defined by governmental decree. As a result, the rule remains largely inoperative, especially since the penalties for non-compliance are systematically ignored. •⁠ ⁠An unfinished reform. Even among the few clubs that have complied, the parent association still holds the majority of the share capital. This structural lock prevents the opening of capital to private investors, thus maintaining dependency on the old associative model rather than promoting professionalization. II. The Persistent Shadow of the State: An Interference Contrary to Autonomy Principles By its very nature, sport is a sphere of autonomy, an ethos enshrined in the Moroccan Constitution and in the regulations of international organizations such as FIFA. Yet Law 30-09 establishes the supervising ministry as the true guardian of the sector, concentrating significant and often excessive powers: •⁠ ⁠An extensive right of scrutiny. The ministry approves statutes, grants accreditation, and confers authorization to national federations. •⁠ ⁠A pronounced power of interference. The administration may impose standard contracts and, more seriously, revoke authorization or dissolve a federation in the event of a “serious violation.” Such prerogatives contradict the spirit of the Constitution, which reserves this power to the judiciary. •⁠ ⁠Institutional omnipresence. A state representative must sit within the governing bodies of both the national federations and the Moroccan National Olympic Committee (CNOM), reinforcing state oversight at the expense of autonomy. This predominant executive control contradicts the principles of independence that underpin both national constitutional law and the global sports governance model. III. The Ambiguous Status of Athletes: The Law’s Major Omission Beyond institutional deficiencies, Law 30-09 exposes a serious legal vacuum regarding the status of athletes. The professional athlete’s contract is treated as an ordinary employment contract—an assimilation that raises significant difficulties. •⁠ ⁠The legislator had to create several exceptions to the Labour Code (five-year fixed-term contracts, exclusivity clauses, conditions for unilateral termination), resulting in an incoherent hybrid regime. •⁠ ⁠Although classified as “employees,” professional athletes do not enjoy the social protection and retirement benefits normally afforded to workers. •⁠ ⁠As for amateur athletes, their status remains completely unaddressed by the law. The provisions aimed at supporting athlete training and post-career reconversion are equally deficient. They are neither mandatory nor widely implemented, few training centers exist, and many athletes lack the educational background needed to benefit from such programs. IV. The Need for a Moroccan Sports Code Faced with these structural weaknesses, a piecemeal revision of the law is no longer adequate. The codification of sports law—through the adoption of a comprehensive Moroccan Sports Code—is now an imperative step toward supporting the country’s international ambition. Drawing inspiration from the French model, such a reform would serve several key purposes: 1.⁠ ⁠Clarifying and consolidating the dispersed legal texts, regulations, and case law to facilitate specialization among legal practitioners. 2.⁠ ⁠Correcting inconsistencies by redefining the jurisdictional competences of the State and creating a sui generis legal status for professional and amateur athletes. 3.⁠ ⁠Modernizing the legal framework by integrating fiscal and social regimes specific to sports entities and individuals. Despite its initial promise of modernization, Law 30-09 has become a “tree with bitter fruits.” Instead of fostering professionalism, it has constrained the sector and amplified its institutional fragility. Only a complete codification—reflecting Morocco’s socio-economic realities and the principles of good governance—can ensure a coherent, autonomous, and sustainable framework for the country’s sports development.