Think Forward.

GERIATRIE : COMMENT PRÉVENIR LES ESCARRES CHEZ LES PERSONNES ÂGÉES ? 1960

DES ESCARRES MAL SOIGNEES PEUVENT PRECIPITER LA PERSONNE ÂGEE DANS LA DEPRESSION ET MÊME LA MORT L’escarre est une plaie ouverte, qui se forme à l’endroit où la chair est prise en étau entre l’os et le support (matelas, fauteuil) pendant plusieurs heures chez une personne obligée de garder le lit ou ayant perdue son autonomie. Sa fréquence n’est pas toujours bien appréciée mais on peut estimer néanmoins qu’au moins une personne âgée sur deux en sera touchée plus ou moins gravement. Outre les souffrances physiques, elle est en effet dévalorisante. Elle provoque souvent la survenue ou l’accentuation d’un phénomène dépressif. QU'EST CE EXACTEMENT QU'UNE ESCARRE Quand une personne alitée repose plusieurs heures sur les mêmes points d’appui, la chair est alors compressée à ces endroits, freinant ainsi la bonne circulation du sang et l’oxygénation du sang. Une fois en état d’hypoxie (terme médical pour désigner un manque d’apport en oxygène au niveau des tissus de l’organisme), les tissus vont se dégrader très vite. Le passage du stade d’érythème (rougeur cutanée) à celui d’ulcère (plaie ouverte) peut prendre seulement quelques heures. Selon la classification la plus utilisée, le processus se décline en plusieurs phases de développement : - stade 0, rougeur apparaissant mais disparaissant quand on appuie dessus ; - stade 1, rougeur ne blanchissant pas sous la pression du doigt ; - stade 2, désépidermisation : arrachement cutané touchant l’épiderme et éventuellement le derme, dont une variante au niveau du pied est la phlyctène (ou ampoule) hémorragique ou séreuse, selon qu’elle contient ou non du sang ; - stade 3, nécrose : plaie profonde avec plaque de nécrose recouvrant en général des tissus sous-jacents dévitalisés ; - stade 4, ulcère : plaie ouverte profonde, résultant le plus souvent d’une escarre de stade 3 après élimination des tissus nécrotiques ; les muscles sont touchés, au point que l’on peut voir tendons et articulations à nu. Une autre classification utilisée repose sur une cartographie des couleurs et un raisonnement en termes de pourcentage des couleurs QUELS ENDROIT DU CORPS DOIVENT ÊTRE SURVEILLES ? 40 % des escarres siègent au sacrum (le sacrum, au bas du dos, est formé de la soudure des 5 vertèbres sacrées) et 40% aux talons. Les autres localisations les plus fréquentes sont les ischions (l’ischion est l‘ un des trois os qui sont soudés chez l’adulte pour former le bassin : il supporte le poids du corps en position assise) et le trochanter (les protubérances de la partie supérieure du fémur) ainsi que, par ailleurs, l’occiput en pédiatrie. Pour le malade en fauteuil, roulant ou non, on surveillera : la nuque, les omoplates, les fesses et les talons. Pour le malade couché sur le côté, on surveillera : les trochanters, la face interne des genoux et les faces internes/externes des pieds. Pour le malade sur le dos, on surveillera : l’occiput, la nuque, les omoplates, les coudes, les crêtes iliaques, le sacrum, les fesses, la face interne des genoux et les talons. QUELS SONT LES FACTEURS DE RISQUES ? Ils sont multiples. Quelqu’un qui ne gère pas bien son capital santé, ne se nourrit pas et/ou ne s’hydrate pas correctement présente plus de risque. L’escarre guette également, tout particulièrement les sujets atteints : - de troubles de la conscience et de neuropathie ; - d’artérite, de problèmes vasculaires, d’hypertension ou d’insuffisance cardiaque ; - des conséquences physiques de maladies auto-immunes (polyarthrite rhumatoïde, lupus, scléroses en plaques…) - d’anémie et, de façon générale, de tout problème nécessitant une hospitalisation. QUELS GESTES PRÉVENTIFS ? - Observation régulière de l’état cutané à chaque changement de position et lors des soins d’hygiène. Une rougeur qui subsiste à la pression d’une palpation doit immédiatement alerter. - Corps étrangers : les sondes urinaires ou les lunettes à oxygène sont à surveiller car sources d’escarres. - Nutrition : l’entourage (famille, personnel soignant) doit surveiller l’appétit de la personne âgée, une perte de poids rapide favorisant en effet l’escarre. Au besoin, il faut enrichir ses plats et veiller à ce qu’il reçoive, notamment, une ration protéinique identique à une personne plus jeune et active car la personne âgée synthétise moins bien les protéines et va avoir besoin d’en consommer plus en cas d’escarre. Il faut également veiller à une bonne hydratation, variée si possible (eau, tisanes, jus de fruits…). La capacité à se nourrir correctement est centrale dans le processus de cicatrisation. - Sensibilité : la sensibilité cutanée de la personne est diminuée si on s’aperçoit qu’elle ne change pas de position spontanément en l’espace d’une demi-heure. Il faut alors planifier des changements de position environ toutes les 2 heures pour solliciter d’autres points d’appui. - Hygiène : Il est important de maintenir la personne au sec en évitant les risques de macération QUELS SONT LES PREMIERS SOINS ? – Nettoyage de la plaie et de son pourtour : employer l’eau et le savon ou du sérum physiologique. L’intérêt des antiseptiques ou des antibiotiques n’est pas démontré en l’absence d’infection. La plaie ne doit pas être asséchée mais, après les soins, on peut tamponner légèrement avec une serviette douce. – Traitement de l’escarre constituée : La détersion est nécessaire sur les plaies nécrotiques et/ou fibrineuses, soit mécaniquement soit à l’aide de pansements. Les matières mortes et le sang issu des capillaires sanguins endommagés produisent en effet une masse au fond de la plaie. Cette masse, souvent dure et sèche, s’oppose au processus de reconstruction cellulaire et donc à la cicatrisation. La colonisation bactérienne est, par ailleurs, constante dans les plaies chroniques : différente de l’infection, elle est utile à la cicatrisation et doit être simplement contrôlée par un nettoyage et une détersion soigneuses des tissus morts. QUELS SONT LES GESTES A PROSCRIRE – Pas d’utilisation de produits agressifs (éosine, alcool, antiseptique), de glace sur la plaie, de chaleur (sèche-cheveux par exemple) pour sécher la plaie. Ces gestes détruisent la flore cutanée alors qu’elle est une barrière aux infections. – Pas d’utilisation d’huile essentielle. – Pas de massage des rougeurs – Pas de gestes brusques pour lever le malade ou lui tirer les draps, sous peine de provoquer des coupures de la peau. Dr MOUSSAYER KHADIJA Spécialiste en Gériatrie EN SAVOIR PLUS 1/Liens utiles : - Société Française et Francophone des Plaies et Cicatrisations, rubrique Escarres http://www.sffpc.org/index.php?pg=connaiss&rubrique=escarre - Conférence de consensus publiée par la Haute Autorité de Santé http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/jcms/c_271996/prevention-et-traitement-des-escarres-de-ladulte-et-du-sujet-age - Claire Dubois, Prévenir et soigner les escarres : nouvelles recommandations, 2013 http://www.actusoins.com/13601/prevenir-et-soigner-les-escarres-nouvelles-recommandations.html
Dr Moussayer khadija

Dr Moussayer khadija

Dr MOUSSAYER KHADIJA الدكتورة خديجة موسيار Spécialiste en médecine interne et en Gériatrie en libéral à Casablanca. Présidente de l’Alliance Maladies Rares Maroc (AMRM) et de l’association marocaine des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques (AMMAIS), Vice-présidente du Groupe de l’Auto-Immunité Marocain (GEAIM)


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Moroccan Tourism in 2025: Spectacular Growth but Persistent Challenges 246

Moroccan tourism has been experiencing a very favorable phase since 2024. Tourism revenues reached nearly 50 billion dirhams in the first quarter of the current year, confirming a robust recovery after the global health crisis. This upswing is the result of a combination of factors that can be analyzed from several perspectives. Certainly, the gradual lifting of health restrictions worldwide enabled a massive return of international visitors, particularly Europeans, but also travelers from other regions of the globe. With its unique cultural richness, history, lively medinas, diverse landscapes ranging from the Atlas Mountains to the Atlantic and Mediterranean beaches, sunshine, colors, unparalleled craftsmanship, refined cuisine, and the warmth of Moroccans—their smiles, their ability to quickly connect with others, and their tolerance—the Kingdom has managed to attract clientele seeking authentic and varied experiences. After two difficult years, this strong recovery reflects renewed tourist interest in the destination. According to the government, the rise of the tourism sector is linked to a strategy and sustained policy of investment in infrastructure: world-class hotels, improved transport networks, airport modernization, and expansion of air routes. These efforts have undoubtedly significantly enhanced the country’s accessibility as well as visitor comfort and security, all now essential elements to remain competitive in a highly competitive international market. The Kingdom has also heavily invested in its global visibility through well-calibrated promotion campaigns, regular presence at major international trade shows, and strategic partnerships with key tourism players. This well-thought marketing strategy has attracted a diverse clientele, amplifying the effect of a strong national brand. Developing the tourism offer plays a crucial role in this dynamic. In addition to traditional cultural and seaside getaways that the country is famous for, Morocco is now focusing on growing segments: adventure tourism, desert trekking, extreme sports, ecotourism, national parks, protected areas, and cultural events, international festivals, and exhibitions. This diversification aims to attract different tourist profiles year-round and avoid excessive seasonality. The exceptional event of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, through the performance of the Moroccan national team and the enthusiastic support of its supporters in the stadium and the streets of Doha, had an amplifying effect on the country’s global visibility and image. This competition put Morocco on the international tourism map, attracting a significant influx of visitors and creating immediate spotlight on its attractions. As a direct result, Morocco exceeded in 2024 its initial target of 17.5 million tourists planned for 2026—a remarkable achievement. However, without contesting the announced figures, this bright spot should not mask certain challenges. A closer look at the statistics reveals a different reality. A significant portion of recorded tourists, about 50%, are Moroccans residing abroad (MRE), who visit mainly for family reasons rather than tourism linked to government strategies. It should not be overlooked that these same MRE often denounce recurring problems, foremost among them the high cost of air transport with Royal Air Maroc, which is heavily subsidized by public funds. Price gouging in hotels and restaurants, especially in summer, is also widely criticized. These difficulties impact the retention of international visitors as well, as return rates are very low. The fact that operators at all levels impose exorbitant price increases during peak season tarnishes the country’s image and discourages visitors. Staying in Morocco is abusively expensive for unclear reasons. Indeed, few tourists return multiple times after their first visit. This raises questions about the quality of the customer experience and the destination’s competitiveness. Excluding MRE and visitors traveling for professional reasons, the number of foreigners visiting Morocco by deliberate choice is therefore not that high. This calls into question the efficiency of the very large subsidies granted to the sector and, above all, the effectiveness of the promotional campaigns. The Ministry of Tourism and the National Tourism Office attribute the recorded success to their proactive policy, but the reality shows that this growth largely relies on the emotional attachment of the MRE, a factor less controllable by public authorities. Will the post-World Cup momentum and the goodwill generated be sustained over the long term? It is difficult to precisely gauge how much of the upswing is due to the World Cup context and what the real impact of public policies is, especially subsidies and aid allocated to the sector. This impact, however, cannot be ignored. To maintain the course and ensure sustainable growth of the sector, it is essential that Morocco continues and deepens its efforts: ongoing investments and innovation in the tourism offer. However, the major urgent challenge remains controlling the outrageous costs for visitors. The government’s silence on this issue risks hurting the sector badly. The summer sunshine is too expensive. It is time for the entire industry to stop acting like predators, and for scams and extortion to be forever banned quickly. Another key challenge is integrating sustainable development policies to preserve natural and cultural resources within the broader framework of inclusive development across all regions of the country. It is also imperative to include citizen awareness and education in this vision. Polluted or neglected beaches and sites, annoying incivility, and inappropriate behaviors are additional challenges to be addressed. Tourism must remain one of the major engines of Morocco’s economy, generating jobs and wealth while enhancing the country’s international standing. Still, we shall wait until the end of the campaign to make a final judgment, especially on the trajectory of the numbers and the effectiveness of measures announced in the sector’s development strategy, and above all to draw the necessary lessons.

[Short Stories #4 ] A Red Flower Among the Ice [1/3] 417

The radio crackled softly in the dim kitchen, the announcer’s voice steady but tinged with concern. “This week, heavy snow is expected. Please be careful if you must travel and …” Karl was busy on the living room floor, toy cars rattling loudly in his hands as they scattered across the rug. His father, standing in the kitchen doorway, raised a hand gently. “Karl, please, not so much noise. I want to listen to what they’re saying on the radio.” “Sorry, Dad,” Karl muttered, setting one of his cars aside, his brow furrowed with boredom. Their mother entered, phone pressed to her ear, a tired sigh escaping her lips. “No classes this week,” she announced. Karl groaned, “Another boring week stuck at home.” “Dinner’s ready,” his mother called, her voice breaking the silence. “Come eat before it gets cold.” Karl trudged to the table, the long winter night stretching out before him—cold and quiet, just like the thick ice blanketing the world beyond their windows. The house felt suspended in time, the wind whistling now and then, the only other sound the gentle hum of the old radio. Outside, street lamps cast faint halos through frosted glass. The days passed slowly, one blending into the next, each wrapped in an endless layer of white. The world outside seemed to hold its breath, every noise muffled by the heavy snow. Streets once filled with color and movement were now hushed and blank, as if time itself had frozen. At last, on the final day of the week, their mother opened a window wide. “Look,” she whispered. “The snow has stopped. It’s beautiful today.” Karl hurried to her side, eyes wide as he peered out. The garden glistened beneath the weak morning sun, untouched except for delicate patterns of frost sparkling quietly. “Can I go outside? Just for a little while?” Karl pleaded, his hope unmistakable. His mother smiled softly. “Okay, but dress warmly—and don’t go too far.” Bundled up in scarf and mittens, Karl stepped outside, his breath clouding in the crisp air. He clutched his favorite toy car, venturing into the silent, frozen yard. Everywhere he looked, white shimmered—nature itself seemed on the verge of beginning anew. Suddenly, amid the endless white, a surprising splash of color caught his eye. “What’s that?” Karl whispered. Moving closer, he saw it: a single brave red flower pushing through the icy crust, vivid and alive against the snow. Its petals tilted upward, reaching as if to catch every drop of sunlight. The sight filled Karl with wonder. “So beautiful,” he murmured. “What are you doing here, all alone?” He circled the flower, curiosity mounting. He didn’t understand how anything so small, so delicate, could survive here. “I’ll take you home with me,” he decided. Gently, he cupped his hands to pull the flower free—but it didn’t budge. Its roots, deep within the ice, held fast. Karl tried again, but it remained stubbornly in place. Disappointed and hungry, the little boy picked up his toy car and made his way back indoors. That evening, as the family gathered for dinner, his mother asked, “Karl, how was your walk today? You didn’t say anything when you came inside.” Karl hesitated, then replied quietly, “I found a red flower growing in the ice.” Everyone laughed. His father teased, “Poor flower, it must be freezing out there!” They chuckled, but Karl was stung. No one believed what he’d seen. After dinner, the house quieted once more. The family went to bed, the next day would be the start of a new week—school would resume. Morning came. Karl’s mother called up the stairs, “Karl, time to get up for school!” No answer. She climbed to his room. Karl was not in the room…